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Brief Contents <br/>CHAPTER 1 Understanding Our Environment 1 <br/>CHAPTER 2 Environmental Systems: Connections, Cycles, Flows, and Feedback Loops <br/>24 <br/>CHAPTER 3 Species Populations, Interactions, and Communities 47 <br/>CHAPTER 4 Human Populations 73 <br/>CHAPTER 5 Biomes and Biodiversity 94 <br/>CHAPTER 6 Environmental Conservation: Forests, Grasslands, Parks, and Nature <br/>Preserves 126 <br/>CHAPTER 7 Food and Agriculture 152 <br/>CHAPTER 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology 178 <br/>CHAPTER 9 Air: Climate and Pollution 201<br/>CHAPTER 10 Water: Resources and Pollution 232 <br/>CHAPTER 11 Environmental Geology and Earth Resources 263 <br/>CHAPTER 12 Energy 283 <br/>CHAPTER 13 Solid and Hazardous Waste 310 <br/>CHAPTER 14 Economics and Urbanization 330 <br/>CHAPTER 15 Environmental Policy and Sustainability 354 <br/>CONTENTS<br/>CHAPTER 1 Understanding Our Environment 1 <br/>OBJECTIVES 1 <br/>UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT 3 <br/> We live on a marvelous planet 3 <br/> What is environmental science? 3 <br/>SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING 4 <br/> Science depends on skepticism and accuracy 5 <br/> Deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful 5 <br/> Science studies problems methodically 6 <br/> Understanding probability helps reduce uncertainty 6 <br/>Calculating Probability 7<br/> Statistics can calculate the probability that your results were random 7 <br/> Experimental design can reduce bias 7 <br/>What Are Statistics and Why Are They Important? 8 <br/> Science is a cumulative process 8 <br/> What is sound science? 10 <br/> Is environmental science the same as environmentalism? 10 <br/>THINKING ABOUT THINKING 11 <br/> Critical thinking is one approach to knowledge <br/> and meaning 11 <br/> What do you need to think critically? 11 <br/> “Unpacking” an argument helps you understand it 12 <br/> Critical thinking helps you learn environmental science 12 <br/>A BRIEF HISTORY OF CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTALISM 13 <br/> Nature protection has historic roots 13 <br/> Resource waste triggered pragmatic resource conservation 13 <br/> Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement 14 <br/> Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement 14 <br/> Global interconnections have expanded environmentalism 15 <br/> We face many environmental problems 15 <br/>Making Sense of Data 16<br/> There are also signs of hope 17<br/> Indigenous peoples are guardians of much of the world’s biodiversity 20 <br/>WORKING WITH GRAPHS 22 <br/>CHAPTER 2 Environmental Systems: Connections, Cycles, Flows, and Feedback <br/>Loops 24 <br/>OBJECTIVES 24 <br/>SYSTEMS 26 <br/>ELEMENTS OF LIFE 27 <br/> Matter is made of atoms, molecules, and compounds 27 <br/> Chemical bonds hold molecules together 28 <br/> Electrical charge is an important chemical characteristic 28 <br/>A ?Water Planet? 29<br/> Organic compounds have a carbon backbone 29 <br/> Cells are the fundamental units of life 31 <br/>ENERGY 31 <br/> Energy occurs in different types and qualities 31 <br/> Thermodynamics regulates energy transfers 32 <br/>ENERGY FOR LIFE 32 <br/> Extremophiles live in severe conditions 32 <br/> Green plants get energy from the sun 33 <br/> How does photosynthesis capture energy? 34 <br/>FROM SPECIES TO ECOSYSTEMS 35 <br/> Organisms occur in populations, communities, and ecosystems 35 <br/> Food chains, food webs, and trophic levels link species 36 <br/>Remote Sensing, Photosynthesis, and Material Cycles 37 <br/> Ecological pyramids describe trophic levels 38 <br/>BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND LIFE PROCESSES 40 <br/> The hydrologic cycle 40 <br/> The carbon cycle 40 <br/> The nitrogen cycle 41 <br/> The phosphorus cycle 43<br/> The sulfur cycle 44<br/>Extracting Data from a Graph 46 <br/>CHAPTER 3 Species Populations, Interactions, and Communities 47 <br/>OBJECTIVES 47 <br/> Community Recovery 48 <br/>HOW SPECIES DIVERSITY ARISES 49 <br/> Natural selection and adaptation modify species 49 <br/> All species live within limits 49 <br/> The ecological niche is a species’ role and environment 51 <br/> Species So Successful? 52 <br/> Speciation maintains species diversity 53 <br/> Taxonomy describes relationships among species 54 <br/>SPECIES INTERACTIONS SHAPE COMMUNITIES OF SPECIES 55 <br/> Competition leads to resource allocation 55 <br/> Predation affects species relationships 56 <br/> Some adaptations help avoid predation 57 <br/>Symbiosis: Intimate relations among species 58 Keystone species: <br/>Influence all out of proportion 59 <br/>THE GROWTH OF SPECIES POPULATIONS 60 <br/> Growth without limits is exponential 60 <br/> Carrying capacity relates growth to its limits 61 <br/>Feedback produces logistic growth 61 Species respond to limits differently: r- and <br/>K-selected species 62 <br/>PROPERTIES OF COMMUNITIES DEPEND ON SPECIES DIVERSITY 63 <br/> Diversity and abundance 63 <br/> Species patterns create community structure 64 <br/> Community properties emerge from diversity and structure 65 <br/>COMMUNITIES ARE DYNAMIC AND CHANGE OVER TIME 68 <br/> The nature of communities is debated 68 <br/> Ecological succession describes a history of community <br/> development 68 <br/> Appropriate disturbances can benefit communities 69 <br/>What Can You Do? Knowing Where You Live 70 <br/> Comparing Exponential to Logistic <br/> Population Growth 72<br/>CHAPTER 4 Human Populations 73 <br/>OBJECTIVES 73 <br/> Population Growth 74 <br/>PAST AND CURRENT POPULATION GROWTH ARE VERY <br/>DIFFERENT 75 <br/>Human populations grew slowly until recently 75 <br/>PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION GROWTH 76 <br/> Does environment or culture control human population growth? 76 <br/> Technology increases carrying capacity for humans 77 <br/> Population growth could bring benefits 77 78<br/>MANY FACTORS DETERMINE POPULATION GROWTH 79 <br/> How many of us are there? 79 <br/> Fertility varies among cultures and at different times 81 <br/> Mortality offsets births 82 <br/> Life expectancy is rising worldwide 82 <br/> Living longer has profound social implications 83 <br/>FERTILITY IS INFLUENCED BY CULTURE 84 <br/> People want children for many reasons 84 <br/> Education and income affect the desire for children 85 <br/>A DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION CAN LEAD TO STABLE POPULATION SIZE 86 <br/> Economic and social conditions change mortality and births 86 <br/> Many countries are in a demographic transition 86 <br/>Two ways to complete the demographic transition 87 Improving <br/>women’s lives helps reduce birth rates 88 <br/>DECISIONS ABOUT FERTILITY START WITH FAMILIES 88 <br/> Slowed Its Growth 89 <br/> Humans have always regulated their fertility 89 <br/> Today there are many options 89 <br/>WHAT KIND OF FUTURE ARE WE CREATING NOW?90 <br/> Interpreting Graphs 93 <br/>CHAPTER 5 Biomes and Biodiversity 94 <br/>OBJECTIVES 94 <br/>TERRESTRIAL BIOMES 96 Tropical moist forests are warm and wet year-round 98 <br/> Tropical seasonal forests have annual dry seasons 99 <br/> Tropical savannas and grasslands are dry most of the year 99 <br/> Deserts are hot or cold, but always dry 99 <br/> Temperate grasslands have rich soils 100 <br/>Temperate shrublands have summer drought 101 Temperate forests can be <br/>evergreen or deciduous 101 <br/> Boreal forests lie north of the temperate zone 102 <br/> Tundra can freeze in any month 102 <br/>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 103 <br/> Open ocean communities vary from surface to hadal zone 103 <br/> Tidal shores support rich, diverse communities 105 <br/>FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS 106 <br/> Lakes have open water 107 <br/> Wetlands are shallow and productive 107 <br/> Streams and rivers are open systems 108 <br/>BIODIVERSITY 108 <br/>Increasingly, we identify species by genetic similarity 108 Biodiversity hot spots <br/>are rich and threatened 109 <br/>BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY 110 <br/>All of our food comes from other organisms 110 Rare species provide important <br/>medicines 110 <br/> Biodiversity can support ecosystem stability 110 <br/> Biodiversity has aesthetic and cultural benefits 111 <br/>WHAT THREATENS BIODIVERSITY? 111 <br/> Human activities have sharply increased extinctions 112 <br/> Habitat destruction is the main threat for many species 112 <br/> Fragmentation reduces habitat to small, isolated patches 112 <br/> Invasive species are a growing threat 114 <br/> Preserve Biodiversity 116 <br/> Pollution poses many different types of risk 116 <br/> Human population growth threatens biodiversity 117 <br/> Overharvesting has depleted or eliminated many species 117 <br/> Commercial collection serves medicinal and pet trades 118 <br/> Predator and pest control is expensive but widely practiced 118 <br/>ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT AND BIODIVERSITY <br/>PROTECTION 119 <br/> Hunting and fishing laws protect reproductive populations 119 <br/> The endangered species act protects habitat and species 119 <br/> Recovery plans 120 <br/> Reauthorizing the ESA has been contentious 121 <br/> Habitat protection is a source of hope and controversy 122 <br/> International wildlife treaties protect global biodiversity 122 <br/> Confidence Limits in the BreedingBird Survey 124<br/>CHAPTER 6 Environmental Conservation: <br/> Forests, Grasslands, Parks, and Nature Preserves 126 <br/>OBJECTIVES 126 <br/>WORLD FORESTS AND GRASSLANDS 128 <br/>Boreal and tropical forests are most abundant 128 Forest products include fuel, <br/>paper, and lumber 129 <br/> Tropical forests are being cleared for lumber and farming 131 <br/> African Forests 133 <br/> Temperate forests have competing uses 134 <br/> What Can You Do? Lowering Your Forest Impacts 136 <br/> What Do You Think? Forest Thinning andSalvage Logging 137<br/>GRASSLANDS 138 <br/> Grazing can be sustainable or damaging 138 <br/> Overgrazing threatens many U.S. rangelands 139 <br/> Ranchers are experimenting with new methods 139 <br/>ECOSYSTEM PRESERVATION 140 <br/> National parks serve many purposes 140 <br/> Users place conflicting demands on our parks 141 <br/> We expect parks to support wildlife 142 <br/> Species survival can depend on preserve size and shape 143 <br/>WORLD PARKS AND PRESERVES 144 <br/> Marine preserves aim to protect ocean species 145 <br/> Threats persist even in preserves 145 <br/> Contents <br/> Conservation and economic development can work together 145 <br/> Biosphere reserves can aid indigenous communities 146 <br/>WILDERNESS AREAS 147 <br/> The Wilderness Act legalized the concept of wilderness 147 <br/>WILDLIFE REFUGES 148 <br/> Refuges are key in developing countries 148 <br/> Detecting Edge Effects 151 <br/>CHAPTER 7 Food and Agriculture 152 <br/>OBJECTIVES 152 153<br/>FOOD AND NUTRITION 154 Millions of people don’t have enough to <br/>eat 154 Famines are acute food shortages 155 We need the right kinds of food 156 <br/>Eating a balanced diet is essential for good health 157 <br/>KEY FOOD SOURCES 158 <br/> We depend on only a few crops for most of our food 158 <br/> Meat and dairy are important protein sources 158 <br/> Seafood is another protein source 160 <br/>SOIL: A RENEWABLE RESOURCE 161 <br/> Living organisms create unique properties of soil 161 <br/> There are many different soil types 162 <br/>WAYS WE USE AND ABUSE SOIL 163 <br/> Arable land is unevenly divided 163 <br/> Land degradation reduces crop yields 164 <br/> Soil erosion is widespread 164 <br/> Wind and water move soil 164 <br/>OTHER AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 166 <br/> All life needs water 166 <br/> Plants also need fertilizer 166 <br/> Energy is a key resource 167 <br/> Pest control saves crops 167 <br/> Your Food 168 <br/>NEW CROPS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 168 <br/> The green revolution has increased yields 168 <br/> Genetic engineering could have benefits and costs 169 <br/> Most GMOs have been engineered for pest resistance or weed control 170 <br/> Is genetic engineering safe? 171 <br/>SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 171 <br/>Coffee and Cocoa 172 <br/> Soil conservation is essential 172 <br/> Groundcover protects the soil 173 <br/> Reduced tillage can have many benefits 174 <br/>Low-input sustainable agriculture can benefit farmers, consumers, and <br/>the environment 174 <br/> Using Relative Values 177 <br/>CHAPTER 8 <br/> Environmental Health and CLIMATE CHANGE 208 <br/> E1 Niño/Southern Oscillation can have far-reaching effects 209<br/> Toxicology 178 <br/> Our actions are now causing global climate change 210 <br/>OBJECTIVES 178 <br/>ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 179 <br/> Global disease burden is changing 180 <br/> Emergent and infectious diseases still kill millions of people 181 <br/> Conservation medicine attempts to combine ecology and medicine 183 <br/> Resistance to antibiotics and pesticides is increasing 185 <br/> Who should pay for health care? 185 <br/>TOXICOLOGY 186 <br/> How do toxins affect us? 187 <br/> Endocrine hormone disrupters are of special concern 188 <br/>MOVEMENT, DISTRIBUTION, AND FATE OF TOXINS 189 <br/> Solubility and mobility determine when and where chemicals move 189 <br/> Exposure and susceptibility determine how we respond 189 <br/> Bioaccumulation and biomagnification increase chemical <br/> concentrations 190 <br/> Persistence makes some materials a greater threat 191 <br/> Chemical interactions can increase toxicity 193 <br/>MECHANISMS FOR MINIMIZING TOXIC EFFECTS 193 <br/> Metabolic degradation and excretion eliminate toxins 193 <br/> Repair mechanisms mend damage 193 <br/>MEASURING TOXICITY 193 <br/> We usually test toxins on lab animals 194 <br/> There is a wide range of toxicity 195 Acute versus chronic doses and effects 195 <br/> Detectable levels aren’t always dangerous 196 <br/>RISK ASSESSMENT AND ACCEPTANCE 196 <br/> Our perception of risks isn’t always rational 196 <br/> How much risk is acceptable? 197 <br/>197 ESTABLISHING PUBLIC POLICY 198 <br/> Graphing Multiple Variables 200 <br/>CHAPTER 9 Air: Climate and Pollution 201 <br/>OBJECTIVES 201 <br/>THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE 203 The sun warms our world 203 Water stores <br/>heat and winds redistribute it 204 <br/>Rainstorm in Your Neighborhood? 206 Why does it rain? 206 Large-scale winds <br/>don’t move in a straight line 206 Ocean currents modify our climate 207 Seasonal <br/>winds and monsoons have powerful effects 207 <br/>Greenhouse gases have many sources 210 Evidence of climate change is becoming <br/>overwhelming 211 Who wins and who loses? 213 214 The Kyoto Protocol attempts to <br/>slow climate change 215 There are many ways we can control greenhouse emissions 215 <br/>AIR POLLUTION 217 We have different ways to describe pollutants 218 <br/> Sources and problems of major pollutants 218 <br/> Indoor air can be more dangerous than outdoor air 220 <br/>INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLIMATE PROCESSES AND AIR POLLUTION 220<br/> Air pollutants can travel far 220 <br/> Stratospheric ozone is declining 221 T<br/> here are signs of progress 222 <br/> Cities create dust domes, smog, and heat islands 222 <br/>EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION 223 <br/> Polluted air is unhealthy 223 <br/> Plants are sensitive to pollutants 223 <br/> Smog and haze reduce visibility 224 <br/> Acid deposition has many effects 224 <br/>AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 225 <br/> The most effective pollution-control strategy is to minimize production 225 <br/>CLEAN AIR LEGISLATION 226 <br/> Air regulations are controversial 227 <br/>CURRENT CONDITIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 228 <br/> Air pollution remains a problem in developing countries 228 <br/> There are signs of hope 229 <br/> E1 Niño and Ocean/Climate Conditions 231 <br/>CHAPTER 10 Water: Resources and Pollution 232 <br/>OBJECTIVES 232 <br/>WATER RESOURCES 233 <br/> The hydrologic cycle constantly redistributes water 233 <br/>MAJOR WATER COMPARTMENTS 235 <br/> Groundwater stores most fresh, liquid water 235 <br/> Rivers, lakes, and wetlands cycle quickly 237 <br/> Water-Poor Countries 237 <br/> The atmosphere is one of the smallest compartments 237 <br/>WATER AVAILABILITY AND USE 237 <br/> Water-poor countries have little rain and large populations 237 <br/> Agriculture is our greatest water user 238 <br/>FRESHWATER SHORTAGES 239 <br/> Many people lack access to clean water 240 <br/> Agriculture is reducing groundwater supplies 240 <br/> Dams, reservoirs, and canals redistribute water 241 <br/> Questions of justice often surround dam projects 241 <br/> Environmental costs of dams include evaporation and siltation 243 <br/> Water pricing and policies encourage waste 243 <br/>WATER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION 244 <br/> Everyone can help conserve water 244 <br/> Pollution 245 <br/> Efficiency is reducing water use in many areas 245 <br/>WATER POLLUTION 245 <br/>Pollution includes point sources and nonpoint sources 245 Biological pollution <br/>includes pathogens and waste 246 <br/> Inorganic pollutants include metals, salts, and acids 248 <br/> Organic chemicals include pesticides and <br/> industrial substances 249<br/> Sediment and heat also degrade water 249<br/>WATER QUALITY TODAY 251 <br/> The 1972 Clean Water Act protects our water 251 <br/> Waters are improving in wealthier countries but not in poorer ones 253 <br/> Groundwater is especially hard to clean up 254 <br/> Ocean pollution has few controls 255 <br/>POLLUTION CONTROL 256 <br/> Nonpoint sources are often harder to control than point sources 256 <br/> Human waste degrades naturally in low concentrations 257 <br/> Remediation can involve containment, extraction, or plants 259 <br/>WATER LEGISLATION 259 <br/> The Clean Water Act was ambitious, popular, and largely successful 259 <br/> Examining Pollution Sources 262 <br/>CHAPTER 11 Environmental Geology and <br/> Earth Resources 263 <br/>OBJECTIVES 263 <br/>EARTH PROCESSES SHAPE OUR RESOURCES 265 <br/>Earth is a dynamic planet 265 Tectonic processes reshape continents and cause <br/>earthquakes 265 <br/>MINERALS AND ROCKS 266 <br/> The rock cycle creates and recycles rocks 268 Weathering and sedimentation 268 <br/>ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 269 <br/> Metals are essential to our economy 269 <br/> Nonmetal mineral resources include gravel, clay, glass, and salts 269<br/> The earth provides almost all our fuel 271<br/>ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RESOURCE EXTRACTION 271 <br/> Mining has enormous environmental effects 271 <br/> You Using Right Now? 272 <br/> Technology 273 <br/> Processing contaminates air, water, and soil 274 <br/>CONSERVING GEOLOGIC RESOURCES 275 <br/> Recycling saves energy as well as materials 275 <br/> New materials can replace mined resources 275 <br/>GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 276 <br/>Earthquakes are frequent and deadly hazards 276 Volcanoes eject deadly gases <br/>and ash 277 <br/> Floods are part of a river’s land-shaping processes 278 <br/> Mass wasting includes slides and slumps 279 <br/> Erosion destroys fi<br/> ;elds and undermines buildings 279 <br/> Exploring Recent Earthquakes 282 <br/>CHAPTER 12 Energy 283 <br/>OBJECTIVES 283 <br/>ENERGY SOURCES AND USES 284 <br/> What are the sources of our energy? 284 <br/> How do we use energy? 286 <br/>FOSSIL FUELS 287 Coal resources are vast 287 <br/> Oil resources aren’t evenly distributed 288 <br/> Oil shales and tar sands contain huge amounts of petroleum 289 <br/> Natural Gas 290 <br/>NUCLEAR POWER 291 <br/> How do nuclear reactors work? 291 <br/> Nuclear reactor design 292 What will we do with radioactive waste? 293 <br/> ENERGY CONSERVATION 293 <br/> Using energy more efficiently 293 <br/> Do to Save Energy 294 <br/> Cogeneration 295 <br/>SOLAR ENERGY 296<br/> Solar collectors can be passive or active 296 <br/>Solar energy can produce high temperatures 297 Photovoltaic cells generate <br/>electricity directly 297 <br/> Electrical energy is difficult and expensive to store or ship 299 <br/> Utilities are promoting renewable energy 299 <br/>FUEL CELLS 300 <br/>ENERGY FROM BIOMASS 301 Biofuels could replace oil-based fuels 301 <br/>Fuelwood is scarce in many developing countries 303 Dung and methane make <br/>good fuels 303 <br/>ENERGY FROM THE EARTH’S FORCES 304 <br/>Falling water has been used as an energy source since ancient times 304 <br/>Wind energy is our fastest growing renewable resource 305<br/> Geothermal heat, tides, and waves could supply substantial amounts of energy in <br/>some places 306 <br/>WHAT’S OUR ENERGY FUTURE? 307 <br/> We can make our cities more livable 338 <br/> New urbanism incorporates smart growth 339 <br/>CHAPTER 13 Solid and Hazardous Waste 310 <br/>OBJECTIVES 310 <br/>WASTE 312 <br/> The waste stream is everything we throw away 312 <br/>WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS 313 <br/> Open dumps release hazardous materials into the air and water 313 <br/> Ocean dumping is nearly uncontrollable 314 <br/> Landfills receive most of our waste 314 <br/> Exporting waste exposes poor nations to hazards 315 <br/> Incineration produces energy but causes pollution 316 <br/>SHRINKING THE WASTE STREAM 317 <br/>Recycling captures resources from garbage 318 Composting recycles organic <br/>waste 319 <br/> Energy from waste 320 Demanufacturing 320 <br/> Reuse is even more efficient than recycling 321 <br/> Reducing waste is often the cheapest option 322 <br/>HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES 322 <br/> Hazardous waste includes many dangerous substances 323 <br/> Inventory 323<br/> Federal legislation regulates hazardous waste 323 <br/> Superfund sites are those listed for federal cleanup 324 <br/> Brownfields present both liability and opportunity 325 <br/> Hazardous waste must be processed or stored permanently 326 <br/>How Much Waste Do You Produce, and How Much Do You Know How to <br/>Manage? 329<br/>CHAPTER 14 Economics and Urbanization 330 <br/>OBJECTIVES 330 <br/>URBANIZATION 332 <br/> Large cities are expanding rapidly 333 <br/> Immigration is driven by push and pull factors 334 <br/> Congestion, pollution, and water shortages plague many cities 334<br/> Many cities lack sufficient housing 335<br/>URBAN PLANNING 336 <br/> Transportation is crucial in city development 336 <br/> ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 342 <br/> Can development be sustainable? 342 <br/> Our definitions of resources shape how we use them 342 <br/> Ecological economics incorporates principles of ecology 343 <br/> Scarcity can lead to innovation 344 <br/> Communal property resources are a classic problem in economics 345 <br/>NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING 346 <br/> New approaches measure real progress 347<br/> Consumerism 348 <br/> Internalizing external costs 348 <br/>TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND JOBS 348 <br/> International trade can stimulate growth but externalize costs 349 <br/> Socially responsible development can help people and protect their<br/> environment 349 <br/>GREEN BUSINESS AND GREEN DESIGN 350 <br/> Green design is good for business and the environment 350 <br/> Environmental protection creates jobs 351 <br/> Using a Logarithmic Scale 352 <br/>CHAPTER 15 Environmental Policy and <br/> Sustainability 354 <br/>OBJECTIVES 354 <br/>ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND LAW 356 <br/> How is policy created? 356 <br/> Policy formation can be complicated 357 <br/> Does U.S. environmental policy need an overhaul? 358 <br/>Laws affirm public policy 358 <br/> How can we manage complex systems? 361 <br/>INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 363 <br/> WHAT CAN INDIVIDUALS DO? 364 <br/> Environmental education is an important tool 365 <br/> Citizen science encourages everyone to participate 366 <br/> Environmental careers range from engineering to education 366 <br/> How much is enough? 368 <br/> Green consumerism has its limits 368 <br/>HOW CAN WE WORK TOGETHER? 369 <br/> Student environmental groups can have lasting effects 370 <br/> National organizations are influential but sometimes complacent 371 <br/> Principles of Environmental Science http://www.mhhe.com/cunningham4e <br/> Radical groups capture attention and broaden the agenda 372 <br/> International nongovernmental organizations 373 <br/>SUSTAINABILITY ISA GLOBAL CHALLENGE 373 <br/> Campus Environmental Audit 376 <br/>Appendix 1 Vegetation Map 380 <br/>Appendix 2 World Population Density Map 381 <br/>Appendix 3 Temperature Regions and Ocean Currents Map 382 <br/>Glossary 383 <br/>Credits 393 <br/>Index 395 <br/>List of Case Studies <br/>Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment <br/> Saving the Reefs of Apo Island 2 <br/>Chapter 2 Environmental Systems: Connections, Cycles, Flows, and Feedback Loops <br/> A Natural System for Wastewater Treatment 25 <br/>Chapter 3 Species Populations, Interactions, and Communities <br/> Species Diversity Promotes Community Recovery 48 <br/>Chapter 4 Human Populations <br/> Cultural Choices and the Rate of Population Growth 74 <br/>Chapter 5 Biomes and Biodiversity <br/> Predators Help Restore Biodiversity in Yellowstone 95 <br/>Chapter 6 Environmental Conservation: Forests, Grasslands, Parks, and Nature <br/>Preserves <br/> Saving an African Eden 127 <br/>Chapter 7 Food and Agriculture <br/> Farming the Cerrado 153 <br/>Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology <br/> The Next Pandemic? 179 <br/>Chapter 9 Air: Climate and Pollution <br/> Stabilizing Our Climate 202 <br/>Chapter 10 Water: Resources and Pollution <br/> Sharing the Chattahoochee 233 <br/>Chapter 11 Environmental Geology and Earth Resources <br/> Coal-Bed Methane: A Clean Fuel or a Dirty Business? 264 <br/>Chapter 12 Energy <br/> Renewable Energy Islands 284 <br/>Chapter 13 Solid and Hazardous Waste <br/> The New Alchemy: Creating Gold from Garbage 311 <br/>Chapter 14 Economics and Urbanization <br/> Curitiba: A Model Sustainable City 331 <br/>Chapter 15 Environmental Policy and Sustainability <br/> Saving a Gray Whale Nursery 355 |