Biology : concepts and investigations / Mariëlle Hoefnagels

Includes index

Brief Contents
Unit 1: The Cellular Basis of Life
1. What is Life?
2. The Chemistry of Life
3. The Dynamic Cell
4. The Energy of Life
5. Photosynthesis
6. How Cells Release Energy

Unit 2: The Molecular Basis of Life
7. DNA Structure and Replication
8. The Cell Cycle
9. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
10. Patterns of Inheritance
11. Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Patterns
12. Gene Function, Gene Regulation, and Biotechnology
Unit 3: The Evolution of Life
13. The Forces of Evolutionary Change
14. Speciation and Extinction
15. Evidence for Evolution
16. The Origin and History of Life
Unit 4: The Diversity of Life
17. Viruses and Simple Infectious Agents
18. Bacteria and Archaea
19. Protista
20. Plants
21. Fungi
22. Animals I ? Invertebrates
23. Animals II ? Vertebrates
Unit 5: Plant Life
24. Plant Form and Function
25. Plant Nutrition and Transport
26. Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
Unit 6: Animal Life
27. Animal Tissues, Organ Systems and Homeostasis
28. The Nervous System
29. The Sensory System
30. The Endocrine System
31. The Musculoskeletal System
32. The Circulatory System
33. The Respiratory System
34. Digestion and Animal Nutrition
35. Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
36. The Immune System
37. Animal Reproduction and Development
Unit 7: The Ecology of Life
38. Animal Behavior
39. Populations
40. Communities and Ecosystems
41. The Biosphere
42. Conserving Biodiversity
Table of Contents
About the Author
Preface
Unit 1: The Cellular Basis of Life
Chapter 1
The Scientific Study of Life
Chapter Opening Essay: Biology Is Everywhere
1.1 What Is Life?
A. Life is Organized
B. Life Requires Energy
C. Life Maintains Internal Constancy
D. Life Reproduces Itself, Grows, and Develops
E. Life Evolves
1.2 A Taxonomic Hierarchy Describes Life?s Diversity
1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World
A. How We Know
B. A Closer Look at Experimental Design
C. Theories Explain Nature
D. Limitations of Scientific Inquiry
1.4 Case Study: Of Estrogen and Alligator Eggs
1.5 Investigating Life: Digital Organisms Mimic Life
Can You Relate?: Will This Hurt Me or Won't It?
Burning Question: Why am I here?
Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter Opening Essay: Just Say NO
2.1 Life Consists of Atoms
A. Elements Are Fundamental Types of Matter
B. Atoms Are Particles of Elements
C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers of Neutrons
2.2 Chemical Bonds Are the ?Glue? That Links Atoms
A. Electrons Determine Bonding
B. Atoms Share Electrons in Covalent Bonds
C. In an Ionic Bond, One Atom Takes Electrons from Another Atom
D. Partial Charges on Polar Molecules Create Hydrogen Bonds
2.3 Water Is Essential to Life
A. Water Is Cohesive and Adhesive
B. Polar Substances Dissolve in Water
C. Water Regulates Temperature
D. Water Participates in Life?s Chemical Reactions
2.4 Organisms Balance Acids and Bases
A. The pH Scale Expresses Acidity or Alkalinity
B. Buffer Systems Regulate pH in Organisms
2.5 Organic Molecules Generate Life?s Form and Function
A. Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars and Polysaccharides
B. Lipids Are Hydrophobic and Energy-Rich
C. Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile
D. Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Genetic Information
2.6 Investigating Life: Organic Molecules Have ?Hands?
Can You Relate?: "Good" and "Bad" Cholesterol
Can You Relate?: Sugar Substitutes and Fake Fats
Burning Question: What does it mean when food is ?organic? or
?natural??
Chapter 3
Cells
Chapter Opening Essay: Cancer Cells: A Tale of Two Drugs
3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life
A. Discovering the Cellular Basis of Life
B. The Cell Theory Emerges
C. Microscopes Reveal Cell Structure
D. Features Common to All Cells
3.2 A Membrane Separates Each Cell From Its Surroundings
A. Lipids and Proteins Form the Cell Membrane
C. Signal Transduction Transmits Messages to a Cell?s Interior
3.3 Three Cell Types Define All Life
A. Domain Bacteria
B. Domain Archaea
C. Domain Eukarya
3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
A. Organelles Interact to Secrete Substances
B. Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Peroxisomes Are Cellular Digestion Centers
C. Chloroplasts Are Glucose Factories
D. Mitochondria Extract Energy from Nutrients
3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One Another
A. Cell Walls Are Strong, Flexible, and Porous
B. Animal Cell Junctions Occur in Several Forms
3.7 Investigating Life: Was the Cytoskeleton Born in Bacteria?
Can You Relate?: One Cell, Two Cells ? a Trillion Cells ? and More!
Can You Relate?: Nicotine Addiction
Burning Question: What is the smallest living organism?
Chapter 4
The Energy of Life
Chapter Opening Essay: Whole-Body Metabolism: Energy on an Organismal Level
4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy
A. Introduction to Energy
B. The Laws of Thermodynamics Describe Energy Transfer
4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions Sustain Life
A. Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy
B. Chemical Equilibrium
C. Linked Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Form Electron Transport Chains
4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency
4.4 Enzymes Speed Biochemical Reactions
A. How Enzymes Work
B. Enzymes Have Partners
C. Cells Control Reaction Rates in Metabolic Pathways
D. Environmental Conditions Affect Enzyme Activity
4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost Energy
A. Passive Transport Does Not Require Energy Input
B. Active Transport Requires Energy Input
C. Exocytosis and Endocytosis Use Vesicles to Transport Substances
4.6 Investigating Life: Natural Selection Maintains Some Fatal Illnesses
Can You Relate?: Summer Light Show
Burning Question: What causes headaches?
Chapter 5
Photosynthesis
Chapter Opening Essay: Is It Easier Being Green?
5.1 Life Depends on Photosynthesis
A. Photosynthesis Builds Glucose out of Carbon Dioxide and Water
B. The Evolution of Photosynthesis Changed Planet Earth
5.2 Sunlight Is the Energy Source for Photosynthesis
A. What Is Light?
B. Pigment Molecules in Chloroplasts Capture Light Energy
C. Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages
5.3 Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis
A. Light Reactions Require Photosystems and Electron Transport Chains
B. Photosystem II Produces ATP
C. Photosystem I Produces NADP
5.4 Carbon Reactions Produce Glucose
5.5 C4 and CAM Pathways Save Carbon and Water
5.6 Investigating Life: Tobacco Stems Harbor Evolutionary Clues
Can You Relate?: Weed Killers
Burning Question: Why do leaves change colors in the fall?
Chapter 6
How Cells Release Energy
Chapter Opening Essay: Eating for Life
6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make ATP
6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes Three Main Processes
A. Overview of Cellular Respiration
B. The Mitochondrion?s Role in Respiration
6.3 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate
6.4 Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More ATP than Glycolysis Alone
A. The Krebs Cycle Produces ATP and Electron Carriers
B. The Electron Transport Chain Drives ATP Formation
C. How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield?
D. Proteins and Lipids Enter the Energy-Extracting Pathways
6.5 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation Do Not Require Oxygen
A. Anaerobic Respiration Uses an Alternative Electron Acceptor
B. Fermenters Acquire ATP Only from Glycolysis
6.6 Photosynthesis and Respiration Are Ancient Pathways
6.7 Investigating Life: Plants? ?Alternative? Lifestyles Yield Hot Sex
Can You Relate?: How Poisons Kill
Burning Question: What does ephedra do to a person?s metabolism?
Unit 2: The Molecular Basis of Life
Chapter 7
DNA Structure and Replication
Chapter Opening Essay: DNA Analysis Solves a Royal Mystery
7.1 Experiments Identified the Genetic Material
7.2 DNA Is a Double Helix That Encodes ?Recipes? for Proteins
7.3 DNA Replication Maintains Genetic Information
7.4 PCR Replicates DNA in a Test Tube
7.5 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Order of Bases
7.6 DNA Profiling Has Many Applications
7.7 Investigating Life: Genetic Messages from the Dead Tell Tales of Ancient
Ecosystems
Can You Relate?: Identifying Victims of the September 11, 2001, Attacks
Burning Question: What causes skin cancer?
Chapter 8
The Cell Cycle
Chapter Opening Essay: The Clones Are Here
8.1 Cells Divide, and Cells Die
A. Cell Division Requires Chromosome Duplication
B. Two Parents, Two Sets of Chromosomes
8.2 DNA Replicates, the Nucleus Divides, and the Cell Splits in Two
A. Interphase: A Time of Great Activity
B. Mitosis Distributes Chromosomes and Divides the Nucleus
C. Cytokinesis Distributes and Divides the Cytoplasm
8.3 Cells Tightly Regulate the Cell Cycle
A. Checkpoints Keep the Cell Cycle on Track
B. Telomeres Provide a Built-in Limit to Cell Division
8.4 Cancer Arises When Cells Divide out of Control
A. Cancer Cells Differ from Normal Cells
B. Inheritance and Environment Both Cause Cancer
C. Cancer Treatments Remove or Kill Abnormal Cells
8.5 Cell Death Is a Part of Life
A. Why Cells Die
B. Killer Enzymes Dismantle the Cell
8.6 Investigating Life: Ambushing a Tumor?s Supply Lines in the War on Cancer
Can You Relate?: Why researchers study stem cells
Burning Question: How do biologists use only DNA to clone mammals?
Chapter 9
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Chapter Opening Essay: Fatherless Salamanders, Mice, and Blackberries
9.1 Why Sex?
9.2 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction
9.3 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus Divides Twice
9.4 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability
A. Crossing over Shuffles Genes
B. Chromosome Pairs Align Randomly During Metaphase I
C. Random Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity
9.5 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions
9.6 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis
A. Extra Chromosome Sets
B. Extra and Missing Chromosomes
C. Smaller Scale Chromosome Abnormalities
9.7 Haploid Nuclei Are Packaged into Sperm or Eggs
A. Sperm and Egg Formation in Animals
B. In Plants, Gametophytes Produce Gametes
9.8 Investigating Life: Snail Clones and the Red Queen
Can You Relate?: Multiple Births
Burning Question: If mules are sterile, how are they produced?
Chapter 10
Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter Opening Essay: From Mendel to Medical Genetics
10.1 Mendel?s Experiments Uncovered Basic Laws of Inheritance
A. Why Peas?
B. Alleles May Be Dominant or Recessive
C. The Genotype Dictates the Phenotype
10.2 The Two Alleles of Each Gene End up in Different Gametes
10.3 Two Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited Independently
10.4 Gene Expression Can Appear to Alter Mendelian Ratios
A. Lethal Allele Combinations Omit Some Phenotype Classes
B. Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Add Phenotype Classes
C. One Genotype Can Yield Multiple Phenotypes
D. Multiple Genes Can Yield Identical Phenotypes
E. Gene Products Can Interact
10.5 Most Traits Are Influenced by Multiple Genes and the Environment
10.6 Investigating Life: Pink Caterpillars and Pesticide Resistance
Can You Relate?: The Roots of Addiction
Burning Question: What does ?recessive? really mean?
Burning Question: What kinds of genes make green eyes?
Chapter 11
Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Patterns
Chapter Opening Essay: Prenatal Diagnosis Highlights Ethical Dilemmas
11.1 A Cell?s DNA Is Divided into Chromosomes
11.2 Studies of Linked Genes Yield Chromosome Maps
A. Genes on the Same Chromosome Are Linked
B. Linkage Maps Derive from Crossover Frequencies
11.3 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance
11.4 X and Y Chromosomes Determine Sex in Humans
11.5 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Patterns
A. X-Linked Inheritance in Humans
B. X Inactivation Equalizes the Sexes
11.6 Investigating Life -- Papaya Sex -- Is It a Boy or a Girl? Or Both?
Can You Relate?: Choosing the sex of your baby
Burning Question: Is male baldness really from the female side of genetics?
Chapter 12
Gene Function, Gene Regulation, and Biotechnology
Chapter Opening Essay: The Human Genome Sequence Is Just the Beginning
12.1 DNA Stores Genetic Information
12.2 Transcription Uses a DNA Template to Create RNA
A. Steps of Transcription
B. mRNA Is Processed in Eukaryotic Cells
12.3 The Genetic Code Connects mRNA to Protein
12.4 Translation Builds the Protein
12.5 Protein Synthesis Is Highly Regulated
A. Operons Are Groups of Bacterial Genes that Share One Promoter
B. Eukaryotic Organisms Use Transcription Factors to Turn Genes On or Off
C. Other Regulatory Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Cells
12.6 Mutations Create New Alleles
A. Types of Mutations
B. What Causes Mutations?
C. Natural Protection Against Mutation
D. Why Mutations Are Important
12.7 The Human Genome Sequence Reveals Unexpected Complexity
12.8 Transgenic Organisms Contain DNA from Multiple Species
A. Transgenic Organisms Find Many Uses
B. Creating Transgenic Organisms
12.9 Biotechnology Has Many Practical Applications
A. Gene Therapy Replaces Faulty Genes
B. Gene Silencing: Antisense and Knockout Technologies
C. DNA Microarrays Monitor Gene Expression
12.10 Investigating Life: An Inherited Disorder Yields Clues to the Origin of
Language
Can You Relate?: Poisons
Burning Question: Is There a Gay Gene?
Unit 3: The Evolution of Life
Chapter 13
The Forces of Evolutionary Change
Chapter Opening Essay: The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
13.1 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries
A. Early Explanations of Life?s Diversity
B. Charles Darwin?s Voyage
C. The Origin of Species and Response to It
13.2 Natural Selection Molds Evolution
A. Differential Reproductive Success
B. Natural Selection Acts on Individual Phenotypes
C. Natural Selection Does Not Have a Goal
D. Survival of the Fittest?
E. Modes of Natural Selection
F. Balanced Polymorphism Maintains Multiple Alleles for One Gene
13.3 Evolution Is Inevitable
13.4 Evolutionary Changes Occur in Several Ways
A. Mutation Fuels Evolution
B. Nonrandom Mating Concentrates Alleles Locally
C. Gene Flow Moves Alleles Between Populations
D. Genetic Drift Occurs By Chance
13.5 Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy
Can You Relate?: Dogs and Cats -- Products of Artificial Selection
Can You Relate?: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Burning Question: Why doesn?t natural selection produce one super organism?
Chapter 14
Speciation and Extinction
Chapter Opening Essay: Islands Provide Windows on Speciation and Extinction
14.1 The Definition of ?Species? Has Evolved Over Time
14.2 Reproductive Barriers Separate Species from One Another
A. Early Obstacles to Reproduction
B. Later Obstacles to Reproduction
14.3 Spatial Arrangements Define Three Main Modes of Speciation
A. Allopatric Speciation Reflects a Geographic Barrier
B. Parapatric Speciation Occurs in Neighboring Regions
C. Sympatric Speciation Occurs in a Shared Habitat
D. Difficulties in Examining Speciation and Space
14.4 Evolution May Be Gradual or Occur in ?Leaps and Starts?
A. Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium
B. Bursts of Speciation: Adaptive Radiation
14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line
14.6 Tree Diagrams Describe the Comings and Goings of Species
14.7 Investigating Life: A New Species is Born, but Who?s the Daddy?
Can You Relate?: Recent Species Extinctions
Burning Question: Why does evolution occur rapidly in some species but slowly for
others?
Chapter 15
Evidence of Evolution
Chapter Opening Essay: Are Birds Dinosaurs?
15.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the Earth, Body Structures, and Molecules
15.2 Fossils Record Evolution
A. How Fossils Form
B. Estimating the Age of a Fossil
15.3 Large-Scale Changes in Earth?s Surface Have Influenced Evolution
A. Plate Tectonics: Shifting Continents
B. Biogeography Considers Species? Geographical Locations
15.4 Homologous Structures Reflect Common Ancestry
A. Comparing Anatomical Parts Can Reveal Evolutionary Relationships
B. Embryo Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary Clues
15.5 Molecules Reveal Relatedness
A. Comparing Chromosomes
B. Comparing DNA Sequences
C. Comparing Protein Sequences
D. ?Evo-devo? Bridges Evolution and Developmental Biology
E. Molecular Clocks Help Assign Dates to Evolutionary Events
15.6 Systematics Reconstructs the Stories of Life
15.7 Investigating Life: The Shrinking, Growing Beaks of Darwin?s Finches Reveal
Ongoing Evolution
Can You Relate?: Reevaluating the Mammalian Family Tree
Burning Question: Is evolution really testable?
Chapter 16
The Origin and History of Life
Chapter Opening Essay: Life from Space
16.1 Life?s Origin Remains Mysterious
A. The First Organic Molecules
B. An ?RNA World?
C. Membranes Enclosed the Molecules
D. The Origin of Metabolism
E. Early Life Changed Earth Forever
16.2 Complex Cells and Multicellularity Arose over a Billion Years Ago
A. Endosymbiosis: Cells Within Cells
B. The Origin of Multicellularity
16.3 Life?s Diversity Exploded in the Past Five Hundred Million Years
A. The Strange Ediacarans of the Precambrian
B. Paleozoic Plants and Animals Emerged onto Land
C. Reptiles and Flowering Plants Thrived During the Mesozoic Era
D. Mammals Radiated During the Cenozoic Era
16.4 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story
A. Humans Are Primates
B. Molecular Evidence Documents Primate Relationships
C. Hominine Evolution is Partially Recorded in Fossils
D. Environmental Changes Have Spurred Hominine Evolution
16.5 Investigating Life: What Makes Us Human?
Can You Relate?: Spontaneous Generation Debunked
Burning Question: Does new life spring from inorganic molecules now, as it did in the
past?
Unit 4: The Diversity of Life
Chapter 17
Viruses
Chapter Opening Essay: From the Birds: Influenza
17.1 Viruses are Infectious Particles of Genetic Information and Protein
A. Virus Size and Structure
B. Host Range
C. Are Viruses Alive?
17.2 Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages
17.3 Cell Death May Be Immediate or Delayed
A. Lytic Infections Kill Cells Immediately
B. Viral DNA ?Hides? in a Lysogenic Infection
C. Some Animal Viruses Linger for Years
17.4 Symptoms of a Viral Infection May Be Mild or Severe
17.5 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
A. A Viroid Is an Infectious RNA Molecule
B. A Prion Is an Infectious Protein That Takes Multiple Forms
17.6 Viruses Are Useful Research Tools
17.7 Investigating Life: Scientific Detectives Follow HIV?s Trail
Can You Relate?: Anti-HIV Drugs
Can You Relate?: Hepatitis
Burning Question: Where?s the cure for the common cold?
Focus on Model (non)-Organisms: Bacteriophage Lambda
Chapter 18
Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter Opening Essay: Bacterial Biofilms: ?Mob Mentality? on a Microscopic Scale
18.1 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story
18.2 Prokaryotic Cells Are Structurally Simple
A. Internal Structures
B. External Structures
18.3 Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous Diversity
A. Molecular Data Reveal Major Groups of Archaea and Bacteria
B. Traditional Methods of Classifying Prokaryotes
18.4 Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes Has Multiple Sources
A. Prokaryotes Reproduce Asexually by Binary Fission
B. Three Routes to Horizontal Gene Transfer
18.5 Prokaryotes Are Essential to Human Life
A. Some Bacteria Cause Disease
B. Humans Put Many Prokaryotes to Work
18.6 Investigating Life: A Romp Through the Staph aureus Genome Solves Two
Mysteries
Can You Relate?: Antibiotics and Other Germ Killers
Burning Question: Are there areas on Earth where no life exists?
Focus on Model Organisms: Escherichia coli
Chapter 19
Protista
Chapter Opening Essay: Science Lessons from a Single Cell
19.1 Kingdom Protista Lies at the Crossroads Between Simple and Complex
Organisms
19.2 Many Protists Are Photosynthetic
A. Dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta)
B. Euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta)
C. Golden Algae (Phylum Chrysophyta)
D. Diatoms (Phylum Bacillariophyta)
E. Red Algae (Phylum Rhodophyta)
F. Brown Algae (Phylum Phaeophyta)
G. Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)
19.3 Some Heterotrophic Protists Were Once Classified as Fungi
A. Slime Molds
B. Water Molds (Phylum Oomycota)
19.4 Protozoans Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists
A. Protozoa with Pseudopodia or Flagella (Phylum Sarcomastigophora)
B. Motile Protozoa with Cilia (Phylum Ciliophora)
C. Nonmotile Animal Parasites (Phylum Apicomplexa)
19.5 Protist Classification Is Changing Rapidly
19.6 Investigating Life: Tiny, Glassy Fossils from Lake Mud Reveal the Birth of a
Species
Can You Relate?: Malaria
Burning Question: Why and How do Algae Form?
Focus on Model Organisms: Dictyostelium discoideum
Chapter 20
Plants
Chapter Opening Essay: Peat Moss, Pot Scrubbers, Drugs, and More: The Many Uses
of Plants
20.1 Plants Have Changed the World
A. Distinguishing Features of Plants
B. Adaptations in Land Plants
20.2 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
A. Characteristics and Diversity
B. Reproduction
20.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem but not Seeds
A. Characteristics and Diversity
B. Reproduction
20.4 Gymnosperms Are ?Naked Seed? Plants
A. Characteristics and Diversity
B. Reproduction
20.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
A. Characteristics and Diversity
B. Reproduction
20.6 Investigating Life: Birds Do It, Bees Do It ? for the Flowers
Can You Relate?: Corn, Corn, Everywhere
Burning Question: Why are plants green?
Focus on Model Organisms: Arabidopsis thaliana
Chapter 21
Fungi
Chapter Opening Essay: The Mushroom Mystique
21.1 Fungi Are Filamentous Spore-Formers
A. Distinguishing Features of Fungi
B. Parts of a Fungus
C. Major Groups of Fungi
21.2 Chytridiomycetes Are Flagellated Fungi
21.3 Zygomycetes Are Fast-Growing, Prolific Fungi
21.4 Ascomycetes Are Sac Fungi
21.5 Basidiomycetes Are Club Fungi
21.6 Fungi Interact with Other Organisms
A. Mycorrhizal Fungi Live on or in Roots
B. Ants, Bacteria, and Fungi
C. Lichens Are Distinctive Dual Organisms
21.7 Investigating Life: Fungi Battle for Position in Cacao Tree Leaves
Can You Relate?: Fungi That Harm Human Health
Burning Question: Why does bread get moldy?
Focus on Model Organisms: Neurospora crassa
Chapter 22
Invertebrate Animals
Chapter Opening Essay: Life on a Lobster?s Lips
22.1 Animals Live Nearly Everywhere
A. The Early Evolution of Animal Life
B. Distinguishing Features of Animals
C. Classifying Animals
D. Other Characteristics That Describe Animals
22.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Tissues
22.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic Animals
22.4 Platyhelminthes Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete Digestive Tracts
22.5 Mollusks Have Soft, Unsegmented Bodies and Complex Organ Systems
22.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms
22.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms
22.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed Appendages
A. Characteristics of Arthropods
B. Arthropod Diversity
22.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part Symmetry
22.10 Investigating Life: The ?Cross-Dressers? of the Reef
Can You Relate?: Your Tiny Companions
Burning Question: Why do scorpions glow under a black light?
Focus on Model Organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster
Chapter 23
Vertebrate Animals
Chapter Opening Essay: Vietnam?s Diverse Vertebrates
23.1 Chordates Are the Most Familiar Animals
A. Four Distinguishing Features of Chordates
B. Classifying Chordates
23.2 Tunicates and Lancelets Have Neither Cranium nor Backbone
23.3 Hagfishes Have a Cranium, but No Backbone
23.4 Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Gills and Fins
A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics
B. Diversity
23.5 Amphibians Lead a Dual Lifestyle on Land and in Water
A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics
B. Diversity
23.6 Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Conquer Dry Land
A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics
B. Diversity
23.7 Birds Are Feathered Vertebrates
A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics
B. Diversity
23.8 Mammals Are Furry Milk-Drinkers
A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics
B. Diversity
23.9 Investigating Life: Limbs Gained, and Limbs Lost
Can You Relate?: Wild-Caught Pets
Burning Question: What Were Dinosaurs?
Focus on Model Organisms: Mus musculus
Unit 5: Plant Life
Chapter 24
Plant Form and Function
Chapter Opening Essay: Tea, Herbs, and Drugs: Plants Are Chemical Factories
24.1 Stems, Leaves, and Roots Are Vegetative Plant Organs
A. How Plants Are Put Together
B. Stem, Leaf, and Root Specializations
24.2 Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns, Thanks to Meristems
24.3 Plant Cells Build Tissues
A. Plant Cell Types
B. Plant Tissues
24.4 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots
A. Stems
B. Leaves
C. Roots
24.5 Lateral Meristems Produce Wood and Bark
A. Vascular Cambium
B. Cork Cambium
24.6 Investigating Life: Ancient Plants Tell Tales
Can You Relate?: Versatile Paper
Burning Question: What causes tree rings?
Chapter 25
Plant Nutrition and Transport
Chapter Opening Essay: Carnivorous Plants
25.1 Soil and Air Provide Water and Nutrients
A. Essential Elements for Plants
B. Soil Properties
B. Nutrients Come from Water, Air, and Soil
25.2 Water and Dissolved Minerals Are Pulled up to Leaves
A. Water Vapor Is Lost Through Transpiration
B. Water Moves Through Xylem
C. Water Enters Plants in Roots
D. The Cuticle and Stomata Help Conserve Water
25.3 Organic Compounds Are Pushed to Nonphotosynthetic Cells
A. Phloem Sap Composition
B. The Pressure Flow Theory Explains Phloem Function
25.4 Investigating Life: How Did Plants Get Plumbing?
Can You Relate?: Fertilizers Boost Plant Growth
Burning Question: Where does maple syrup come from?
Chapter 26
Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
Chapter Opening Essay: Imperiled Pollinators
26.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually and Sexually
A. Asexual Reproduction Yields Clones
B. Sexual Reproduction Generates Variability
26.2 Egg and Sperm Unite in Female Flower Parts
A. Flowers Are Reproductive Organs
B. Gamete Formation
C. Pollination Brings Pollen to the Stigma
D. Double Fertilization Yields Zygote and Endosperm
26.3 Seeds Develop Inside Fruits
A. Seed Development and Dormancy
B. Fruit Formation
C. Seed Dispersal
26.4 Development Begins with Seed Germination
26.5 Hormones Influence Plant Growth and Development
A. Auxins and Cytokinins
B. Gibberellins, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid
C. Other Plant Hormones
26.6 Light Influences Germination, Growth, Flowering, and Daily Rhythms
A. Photoreceptors Perceive Light
B. Light Influences Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth
C. Phototropism: Response to Unidirectional Light
D. Flowering Is a Response to Photoperiod
E. Light Entrains Circadian Clocks
26.7 Plants Also Respond to Gravity and Touch
26.8 Plant Parts Die or Become Dormant
26.9 Investigating Life: Homeotic Genes Control Flower Formation
Can You Relate?: Chemical Chitchat
Burning Question: What causes the color of flowers?
Burning Question: How can a fruit be seedless?
Unit 6: Animal Life
Chapter 27
Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Chapter Opening Essay: Artificial Tissues and Organs
27.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies
27.2 Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types
A. Epithelial Tissue Coats Surfaces
B. Connective Tissues Include Blood, Bone, and Cartilage
C. Nervous Tissue Connects and Integrates the Body
D. Muscle Tissue Provides Movement
27.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected
A. Communication
B. Support and Movement
C. Getting Energy
D. Protection
E. Reproduction
27.4 Organ System Interaction Promotes Homeostasis
27.5 The Integumentary System Regulates Temperature and Conserves Moisture
27.6 Investigating Life: When a Chair Becomes a Ladder
Can You Relate? Cancers, Tissues, and the Extracellular Matrix
Burning Questions: Which types of organs can be transplanted in humans?
Chapter 28
The Nervous System
Chapter Opening Essay: The Narcolepsy Gene
28.1 The Nervous System Forms a Rapid Communication Network
28.2 Neurons Are Functional Units of a Nervous System
A. Anatomy of a Neuron
B. Three Classes of Neurons
28.3 A Neuron at Rest Has a Negative Charge
28.4 Action Potentials Convey Messages
A. A Neuron Transmitting an Impulse Undergoes a Wave of Depolarization
B. The Myelin Sheath Speeds Impulse Conduction
28.5 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to Cell
28.6 A Neuron Integrates Incoming Messages
28.7 Animal Nervous Systems Range from Simple to Complex
28.8 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Nerve Cells Outside the Central
Nervous System
28.9 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain
A. The Spinal Cord Transmits Information from the Body to the Brain
B. Major Regions of the Human Brain
C. Damage to the Central Nervous System Can Be Devastating
28.10 The Brain Controls Sleep and Forms Memories
A. Sleep
B. Memory
28.11 Investigating Life: Looking into the Mind of Humankind
Can You Relate? Drugs and Neurotransmitters
Burning Questions: Why does a scorpion?s sting hurt?
Chapter 29
The Sensory System
Chapter Opening Essay: Different Views on the Same World
29.1 Diverse Senses Operate by the Same Principles
29.2 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature, Pain, and Position
29.3 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect Chemicals
A. The Sense of Smell
B. The Sense of Taste
29.4 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells
A. Photoreception in Invertebrates
B. Photoreception in Vertebrates
29.5 The Senses of Hearing and Balance Begin in the Ears
A. The Sense of Hearing
B. The Sense of Balance
29.6 Investigating Life: Unraveling the Mystery of the Origin of the Eye
Can You Relate? Correcting Vision
Can You Relate? Deafness
Burning Question: Do humans have pheromones
Chapter 30
The Endocrine System
Chapter Opening Essay: History of an Illness: Diabetes Mellitus
30.1 The Endocrine System Uses Hormones to Communicate
A. The Endocrine System Consists of Hormones and Glands
B. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Work Together
C. Negative Feedback Loops Control Most Hormone Levels
D. Diversity of Endocrine Systems
30.2 Hormones Bind to Receptors on or in Target Cells
A. Peptide Hormones Trigger Second Messenger Systems
B. Steroid Hormones Directly Alter Gene Expression
30.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Oversee Neuroendocrine Control
A. The Hypothalamus Controls the Pituitary
B. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
C. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
30.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism
A. The Thyroid Gland Sets the Metabolic Pace
B. The Parathyroid Glands Control Calcium Level
C. The Adrenal Glands Coordinate the Body?s Stress Responses
D. The Pancreas Regulates Nutrient Use
E. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin
30.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control Reproduction
30.6 Prostaglandins Act on Nearby Tissues
30.7 Investigating Life: Something?s Fishy in Evolution?the Origin of the
Parathyroid Gland
Can You Relate?: Anabolic Steroids Build Muscle, but with Significant Side Effects
Burning Question: How does a caterpillar ?remodel? itself into a butterfly?
Chapter 31
The Musculoskeletal System
Chapter Opening Essay: Spare Parts Replace Worn out Joints
31.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms
31.2 The Backbone Is Central to the Vertebrate Skeleton
31.3 Bones Provide Support, Protect Internal Organs, and Supply Calcium
A. The Structure of Bone and Cartilage
B. Bone Growth and Remodeling
C. Bones and Calcium Homeostasis
D. Joints: Where Bone Meets Bone
31.4 Muscle Cells Contain Protein Filaments That Can Contract
A. The Structure of Muscle Tissue
B. Sliding Filaments Are the Basis of Muscle Fiber Contraction
C. Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Fiber Contraction
31.5 Muscle Contraction Requires Abundant Energy
31.6 Many Muscle Fibers Combine to Form One Muscle
A. Neurons Control How Strongly a Muscle Contracts
B. Muscles Contain Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers
31.7 Exercise Strengthens Muscles and Bones
31.8 Investigating Life: Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier?
Can You Relate? Bones, Crimes, and Evolution
Burning Questions: Is creatine a useful dietary supplement?
Chapter 32
The Circulatory System
Chapter Opening Essay: Using Stem Cells to Replace Hearts and Blood
32.1 Circulatory Systems Deliver Nutrients and Remove Wastes
A. Circulatory Systems Are Open or Closed
B. Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
32.2 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump
A. Structure of the Heart
B. Blood Flow in the Heart
C. Cardiac Muscle Cells Produce the Heartbeat
D. Exercise and the Heart
32.3 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway
32.4 Blood Pressure and Velocity Differ Among Vessel Types
32.5 Blood Is a Complex Mixture
A. Red Blood Cells
B. White Blood Cells and Platelets
32.6 Blood Clotting Requires Platelets and Plasma Proteins
32.7 The Lymphatic System Maintains Circulation and Protects Against Infection
32.8 Investigating Life: Living Fossils Reveal the Long History of Blue ?Blood?
Can You Relate? Treating High Blood Pressure
Can You Relate? The Unhealthy Circulatory System
Burning Question: What is the difference between donating whole blood and donating
plasma?
Chapter 33
The Respiratory System
Chapter Opening Essay: Premature Babies Have a Tough Time Breathing
33.1 Animals Exchange Gases Across Respiratory Surfaces
A. Gas Exchange at the Body Surface
B. Terrestrial Arthropods Use Book Lungs or Tracheae
C. Gills Exchange Gases in Water
D. Terrestrial Vertebrates Exchange Gases in Lungs
33.2 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to Lungs
A. The Upper Respiratory Tract
B. The Lower Respiratory Tract
C. Tobacco Smoke Damages the Respiratory System
33.3 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs
33.4 Blood Delivers Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide
A. Blood Carries Gases in Several Forms
B. Diffusion Accounts for Gas Exchange at the Lungs and Body Tissues
C. Actively Respiring Cells Receive the Most Oxygen
33.5 Blood Gas Levels Help Regulate the Breathing Rate
33.6 Investigating Life: Why Do Bugs Hold Their Breath?
Can You Relate?: The Unhealthy Respiratory System
Burning Question: Smoke Comes Out Your Eyes ??
Burning Question: How does the body respond to high elevations?
Chapter 34
Digestion and Animal Nutrition
Chapter Opening Essay: Bacteria Can Cause Gastric Ulcers
34.1 Animals Eat to Obtain Energy and Raw Materials
34.2 Animals Have Diverse Diets and Feeding Strategies
34.3 Digestive Tracts Have One or Two Openings
A. Incomplete and Complete Digestive Tracts
B. Digestive Tract Specialization in Vertebrates
34.4 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several Organs
A. The Mouth and the Esophagus: Digestion Begins
B. The Stomach Stores, Digests, and Pushes Food
C. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs Nutrients
D. The Large Intestine Completes Nutrient and Water Absorption
E. The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder Aid Digestion
34.5 Nerves and Hormones Control Appetite and Digestion
34.6 A Healthy Diet Includes Essential Nutrients
34.7 Body Weight Reflects Food Intake and Activity Level
A. Starvation: Too Few Calories to Meet the Body?s Needs
B. Obesity: More Calories than the Body Needs
34.8 Investigating Life: Brawny Vegetarian Lizards Hit the Salad Bar
Can You Relate? Baby Birds, Hairballs, and Owl Pellets
Can You Relate? The Unhealthy Digestive System
Burning Question: What?s lactose intolerance?
Burning Question: What causes gas?
Chapter 35
Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
Chapter Opening Essay: A Day in the Life of a Marine Iguana
Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
35.1 Animals Must Regulate Their Internal Temperature
A. An Animal?s Body Temperature Reflects Heat Gains and Losses
B. Adaptations to Cold and Heat
35.2 Animals Must Regulate Water and Ion Balance and Excrete Wastes
A. Osmoregulation Controls Water and Ions in Body Fluids
B. Nitrogenous Wastes Include Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid
35.3 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates Urine
35.4 The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney
A. The Glomerular Capsule Filters Blood
B. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule Recovers Water and Other Valuable
Substances
C. The Nephron Loop Conserves Water and Exchanges Ions with Blood
D. Hormones Control Reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule
E. The Collecting Duct Conserves More Water
35.5 Hormones Regulate Kidney Function
35.6 Investigating Life: Sniffing out the Origin of Fur and Feathers
Can You Relate?: Kidney Failure, Dialysis, and Transplants
Burning Question: What Can Urine Reveal About Health and Diet?
Burning Question: How do beer and coffee consumption increase urine production?
Chapter 36
The Immune System
Chapter Opening Essay: The Demise of a Deadly Disease
36.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs Defend the Body
A. White Blood Cells
B. Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
36.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early
A. Barriers
B. Inflammation
C. Chemical Defenses
D. Fever
36.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific Pathogens
A. Overview of Adaptive Immunity
B. T Cells Coordinate Cell-Mediated Immunity
C. B Cells Direct the Humoral Immune Response
D. The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
E. Turning off the Immune Response
36.4 The Human Immune System Changes Throughout Life
36.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System
A. Immune Deficiencies Lead to Opportunistic Infections
B. Autoimmunity: Attacking Self
36.6 Allergies Misdirect the Immune Response
36.7 Investigating Life: Our Spiny Cousins and the ?Big Bang?
Can You Relate? Monoclonal Antibodies: From Pregnancy Tests to Cancer Detection
Can You Relate? Vaccines Jumpstart Immunity
Burning Question: What is the ?+? or ?-? on my blood type?
Burning Question: How do HIV tests work?
Chapter 37
Human Reproduction and Development
Chapter Opening Essay: Worms and Flies Teach Lessons About Human Development
37.1 Animal Development Begins with Reproduction
37.2 Males Produce Sperm Cells
A. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
B. Spermatogenesis Yields Sperm Cells
C. Hormones Influence Male Reproductive Function
37.3 Females Produce Egg Cells
A. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
B. Oogenesis Yields Egg Cells
C. Hormones Influence Female Reproductive Function
37.4 Fertilization Joins Genetic Packages and Initiates Pregnancy
37.5 Preembryonic Events Include Cleavage, Implantation, and Gastrulation
37.6 Organs Take Shape During the Embryonic Stage
A. Four Membranes, the Placenta, and the Umbilical Cord Support the Embryo
B. Organ Formation Begins in the Third Week of Development
37.7 Organ Systems Become Functional in the Fetal Period
37.8 Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Labor and Childbirth
37.9 Birth Defects Have Many Causes
37.10 Aging Accompanies Growth and Development
37.11 Investigating Life: Infertility Clues in the Sperm of the Worm
Can You Relate? When a Pregnancy Ends
Can You Relate? Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Burning Question: Do Human Hermaphrodites Exist?
Unit 7: The Ecology of Life
Chapter 38
Animal Behavior
Chapter Opening Essay: Risky Business: Stotting
38.1 The Study of Animal Behavior Has Changed over Time
38.2 Animal Behaviors Combine Innate and Learned Components
A. Innate Behaviors Do Not Require Experience
B. Learning Requires Experience
C. Innate Behaviors and Learning Are Interrelated
38.3 Genetic Mutations Can Alter Some Behaviors
A. Foraging Behavior of Fruit Flies
B. Sexual Behavior of Fruit Flies
C. Some Human Behaviors Have a Strong Genetic Component
38.4 Animals May Live Alone or in Groups
A. Bobcats Are Solitary Animals
B. Wolves Are Social Animals
C. Kin Selection May Explain Many Altruistic Behaviors
38.5 Males and Females Live in Different Reproductive Worlds
A. Sex Differences Appear Early
B. Reproductive Behaviors Have Different Costs to Males and Females
38.6 Investigating Life: The Faithful Rodent
Can You Relate? Puppy Love
Burning Question: Why do people engage in rituals that are risky, expensive, painful,
and dangerous?
Chapter 39
Population Ecology
Chapter Opening Essay: A Population out of Control: Snakes Decimate an Island?s
Biodiversity
39.1 A Population Consists of Individuals of One Species
A. Ecologists Study Interactions Between Organisms and the Environment
B. Characteristics of Populations
39.2 Population Size May Increase, Decrease, or Remain Stable
A. Births Add Individuals to a Population
B. Survivorship Curves Show the Probability of Dying at a Given Age
C. A Population?s Age Structure Predicts Its Fate
39.3 Populations Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic
A. Growth Is Exponential When Resources Are Unlimited
B. Population Growth Eventually Slows
39.4 Many Conditions Limit Population Size
A. Density-Dependent Limits
B. Density-Independent Limits
C. Boom and Bust Cycles
39.5 Natural Selection Influences Reproductive Strategies
A. r- and K-Selected Species
B. Guppies Illustrate the Importance of Natural Selection
39.6 The Human Population Continues to Grow
A. Density and Distribution of the Human Population
B. Population Dynamics and the Demographic Transition
C. Exponential Growth and Its Limits
D. Controlling the Human Population
E. The Human Population and the Environment
39.7 Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine
Can You Relate?: Keeping Track of Animal Populations
Burning Questions: What will happen to the human population?
Chapter 40
Communities and Ecosystems
Chapter Opening Essay: Otter Deaths Topple a Food Web in the Pacific Northwest
40.1 Communities Are the Living Parts of Ecosystems
40.2 Populations Interact in Many Ways to Form Communities
A. Competition Prevents Species from Occupying the Same Niche
B. Species Live in and on One Another
C. Predators Eat Other Organisms
D. A Keystone Species Has a Pivotal Role in the Community
40.3 Communities Change over Time
A. Primary Succession: A New Community Arises
B. Secondary Succession Replaces a Disturbed Community
C. Succession Can Be Complex
40.4 An Ecosystem Is a Community and Its Physical Environment
40.5 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input
A. Food Chains, Trophic Levels, and Food Webs
B. Every Trophic Level ?Wastes? Energy
C. Ecological Pyramids Describe Ecosystem Characteristics
D. Some Chemicals Become Concentrated in the Highest Trophic Levels
40.6 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems
A. The Water Cycle
B. The Carbon Cycle
C. The Nitrogen Cycle
D. The Phosphorus Cycle
40.7 Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team up to Beat the Heat
Can You Relate?: What Happens After You Flush?
Burning Question: Could human life be supported in space or on Mars?
Chapter 41
The Biosphere
Chapter Opening Essay: Life in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
41.1 The Physical Environment Determines Where Life Exists
A. Abiotic Factors Influence All Life
B. Earth Has Diverse Climates
41.2 Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the Frozen Tundra
A. Tropical Rain Forest
B. Tropical Dry Forest
C. Tropical Savanna
D. Desert
E. Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral)
F. Temperate Grasslands
G. Temperate Forests
H. Taiga (Boreal Forest)
I. Tundra
41.3 Freshwater Biomes Include Lakes, Ponds, and Streams
A. Lakes and Ponds: Standing Water
B. Streams: Running Water
41.4 Oceans Make up Earth?s Largest Ecosystem
A. Land Meets Sea at the Coast
B. The Vast Open Ocean
41.5 Investigating Life: Some Like It Hot
Can You Relate?: El Niño Years
Burning Question: Why is there a ?tree line? above which trees won?t grow?
Chapter 42
Preserving Biodiversity
Chapter Opening Essay: The Endangered Everglades
42.1 Earth?s Biodiversity Is Dwindling
A. What Is Biodiversity?
B. The Biodiversity Crisis
42.2 Human Activities Destroy Habitats
A. Shrinking Forests
B. Expanding Deserts
C. Changing Rivers
D. Depleted Lakes and Vanishing Estuaries
42.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats
A. Air Pollutants Harm Life on Land and in Water
B. Water Pollutants Include Nutrients and Toxic Chemicals
42.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats
A. Greenhouse Gases Warm Earth?s Surface
B. Global Climate Change May Have Severe Consequences
42.5 Invasive Species and Overexploitation Devastate Many Species
A. Invasive Species Displace Native Organisms
B. Overexploitation Can Drive Species to Extinction
42.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable
A. Conservation Biologists Use Several Strategies
B. Everyone Can Help with Conservation
42.7 Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?
Can You Relate? Environmental Legislation
Burning Question: What does the ozone hole have to do with global climate change?
Burning Question: What can an ordinary person do to help the environment?
Appendix A: Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
Appendix B: Metric Units and Conversions
Appendix C: Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix D: Amino Acid Structure
Glossary
Index