Make the world a better place : design with passion, purpose, and values / Robert Kozma.

By: Kozma, Robert B [author.]
Language: English Publisher: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2023Description: 1 online resourceContent type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781394173471; 9781394173488; 1394173482; 9781394173495; 1394173490Subject(s): Industrial designGenre/Form: Electronic boks.DDC classification: 745.2 LOC classification: TS171.4 | .K69 2023Online resources: Full text available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view
Contents:
Table of Contents Table of Contents Author Bio xix Preface xxi Who Should Read This Book xxi Professional designers and design students xxi Other professionals xxi Corporate, investment, and foundation officers xxii Consumers of designs xxii Everyone else who wants to make the world a better place How to Read This Book xxii Why I Wrote It xxiii Who Helped Me Write It xxv Part I A World by Design 1 1 Moral Imperative 3 To Design Is Human 4 Moral Responsibility of Designers 5 The Designed World 6 The best of times 7 The worst of times 9 How Has Design Failed Us? 10 Designs and users fail 11 The design process fails us 11 Designers fail us 12 Systems fail us 12 Moral Decisions and Their Consequences 13 Case Study: Boeing 737 MAX 8 14 Your Designs Might Save Us 16 References 17 2 What Is Design? 25 Everyday Design 25 Everyday Designers 26 xxii xii Table of Contents Design as a Process 27 Purpose 28 Process 29 Outcomes 29 Impact 30 Good Designs versus Good Impacts 31 Everyday Designs and Making the World Better 32 Case Study: Chef Andrés and the World Central Kitchen 33 Designs Big, Small, and Not at All 36 References 38 3 Moral Foundations for Designing a Better World 41 The Philosophers and “The Good” 42 The Good 42 Moral Foundations for Good Design 43 Happiness not harm 43 Knowledge, reasoning, and agency 47 Equality and Justice 49 The social nature of humans 51 Self and Others 53 Self- interest 53 Rational egoism 54 The Philosophes and concern for others 55 References 57 4 Design within a System 59 Systems: Simple, Complex, and Complex Adaptive 60 Simple and complex systems 60 Complex adaptive systems 61 The Dynamics of Complex Adaptive Human Systems 62 Self-interest, reciprocity, and trust 62 Social system as a normative culture of trust and caring 65 Design to Make the System Work 65 Designs at the micro level 66 Designs at the macro level 67 Designs at the community level 68 Elinor Ostrom and Design for the Common Good 69 Case Study: Baton Rouge and “Imagine Plank Road” 69 The Appropriate Level of Complexity 73 References 74 5 Technology, Activity, and Culture 77 How to Think about Technology 78 Technology at the Micro Level: Affordances and Activity 78 Person-resource-activity model 79 Affordances and activity in the outer environment 79 Affordances and changing the inner environment 81 Embedded technology 82 Table of Contents xiii Technology at the Macro Level: Culture and Impact 82 Moral Impacts of Technology and Our Designs 84 Artificial intelligence and human well-being 85 Social media, harm, and community 86 Web 3.0 and the future of community 90 CRISPR and the future of humanity 92 The moral challenge of technology 93 References 93 Part II Our Design Traditions 99 6 The Scientific Tradition 101 Design Traditions 101 Roots of the Scientific Revolution 102 Early Western science 102 The Scientific Revolution 104 Characteristics of the Scientific Tradition 104 Purpose 105 Process 106 Outcomes 107 Impact 108 Case Study: Mendelian Genetics 108 Systemic Implications of the Scientific Tradition 112 Moral Implications of the Scientific Tradition 112 References 114 7 The Technical- Analytic Tradition 117 Roots in the Industrial Revolution 117 Emergence of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 118 Maximizing efficiency 118 The consumer economy 119 Scientific research and transformative innovations 119 Characteristics of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 120 Purpose 120 Process 121 Outcomes 122 Impact 122 Case Study: Ford versus Ferrari 123 Systemic Implications of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 127 Moral Implications of the Technological-Analytic Tradition 128 References 129 8 The Human-Centered Tradition 133 Roots in the Technical-Analytic Tradition 133 Human-centered design and design thinking 134 xiv Table of Contents Characteristics of the Human-Centered Approach 134 Purpose 134 Process 134 Outcomes 135 Impact 136 Case Study: Alight, Kuja Kuja, and IDEO.Org 136 Systemic Implications of the Human-Centered Approach 140 Moral Implications of the Human-Centered Approach 142 References 143 9 The Aesthetic Tradition 145 Roots in Ancient Human Expression 145 Art, design, and industry 146 Characteristics of the Aesthetic Approach 146 Purpose 147 Process 147 Outcomes 149 Impact 149 Case Study: Starry Night 149 Systemic Implications of the Aesthetic Tradition 154 Moral Implications of the Aesthetic Tradition 155 References 157 10 The Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 159 Roots in Systemic Harm 159 The Labor Movement 159 The Civil Rights Movement 160 The Women’s Movement 161 The Environmental Movement 161 The Gay Rights Movement 162 Characteristics of the Social Movement Tradition 163 Purpose 163 Process 163 Outcomes 166 Impact 166 Case Study: Black Lives Matter (BLM) 167 Systemic Implications of the Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 172 Moral Implications of the Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 172 Summary of Design Traditions 173 References 174 Part III Design with Passion, Purpose, and Values 177 11 Design with Passion and Purpose 179 Passion 179 Happiness 180 Empathy and compassion 180 Table of Contents xv Anger and moral outrage 180 From moral motivations to moral plans 181 Purpose 183 Purpose and design 184 Moral Reasoning and Moral Dialog 185 Moral reasoning 186 The social nature of morality 187 From moral dialog to collective action 188 Design as a Moral Dialog among Co-Creators 189 Be grounded in your own moral foundation 189 Scaffold moral discussions 190 Use these discussions to co-create designs 190 Case Study: Burning Man and Radical Inclusion 191 New Roles for Designers 196 Facilitator 196 Mentor 197 Mediator 197 Broker 197 Creating a Collaborative Culture of Moral Design 198 References 198 12 Reduce Harm and Increase Happiness 203 Values 203 Cause No Harm 203 Reduce Harm 205 Case Study: WestGate Water 206 Increase Happiness 209 Happiness as pleasure 209 Happiness as well-being 210 Happy cultures 212 Designing for Happiness 213 Case Study: Happy Cities 215 References 219 13 Advance Knowledge, Reasoning, and Agency 223 Knowledge at the Micro Level 224 Knowledge in the head 224 Knowledge in the environment 224 Knowledge and how to acquire it 225 Reasoning: What We Do with Knowledge 226 Explain 226 Make decisions and solve problems 227 Create, innovate, and design 227 The limits of knowledge and reasoning 228 Agency: How Knowledge Empowers Us 229 Metacognition 229 Self-regulated learning 230 Designing for Knowledge and Agency at the Micro Level 231 xvi Table of Contents Knowledge and Institutions at the Macro Level 232 Schools and education 233 Learning in Communities 235 Knowledge Building Communities (KBCs) 235 Communities of practice (CoP) 235 Case Study: High Tech High 236 References 240 14 Promote Equality and Address Injustice 243 Equality 243 Equality by design 244 Inequality by Design 244 Native Americans 244 Enslaved Africans 246 Merit and Its Tyranny 248 Merit and morality 249 The compounding effect of inequality 250 Justice 251 What is just? 251 Equality and justice for all 253 A just society 254 Designs that Promote Equality and Address Injustice 256 Case Study: The City of Austin and Reimagining Public Safety 257 Moral Discourse to Promote Equality and Address Injustice 261 References 261 15 Build Supportive Relationships and Communities 267 Moral and Survival Foundations of Relationships 267 Relationships and Well-Being: The Micro Level 268 Emotions and relationships 268 Family 269 Married couples 270 Friends 270 Development of relationships over time 271 Relationships at the Community Level 271 Our towns, our community 272 Communities and collective action 273 Relationships at the Macro Level 274 Relationships in cities 274 Trust and social capital 275 Social capital in nations 276 Loss of Relationships and Trust 276 Loss of friends 276 Loss of interpersonal trust 277 Loss of institutional trust 277 Loss of trust and social media 278 Case Study: Braver Angels 279 Table of Contents xvii Designing for Relationships and Community 282 Designs to support relationships 282 Designs to repair relationships 283 Designs to support collective action and build communities 283 References 284 Part IV Redesigning the System 289 16 The Economy, Government, and Design 291 Tragedy of the Commons 291 The Economy and Self-Interest 292 The neoliberal turn 292 Neoliberalism gets played out 294 The social impact of pure self-interest 295 Business and the loss of trust 296 The Economy and Government Control 296 Keynesian economics and government policy 296 Government control gets played out 297 The social impact of a government-controlled economy 298 Government and Collective Action 299 Public good as the purpose of government 299 Government as an institution for collective action 300 Structural limits of collective action through government 300 Political parties and collective action 301 America compromised: Corruption of the design 301 Self-interest and identity politics 302 Government and the loss of trust 303 Designs to Resolve the Tragedy 303 Business and the common good 304 Government and the common good 304 Community and the common good 306 Everyday designs and the invisible hands of a moral society 306 References 308 17 Where Do We Go from Here? 313 Which of Two Roads? 313 The road less traveled 313 The road more likely? 318 Finding a Home or Building One 322 Design as a career 322 Design where you work 323 Volunteer your time 325 Create your own design space 326 Creating a Culture of Everyday Design for a Better World 327 References 329 Index 341
Summary: “This book is a must read for all with an interest in the future of design.” —Jim Spohrer, PhD, Retired Industry executive, International Society of Service Innovation Professionals “The world is in need of better design, and Kozma’s book shows us how to get there.” —Mark Guzdial, Director, Program in Computing for the Arts and Sciences, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Michigan Design services, products, experiences, and places that transform the world for the better Make the World a Better Place: Design with Passion, Purpose, and Values presents an insightful and hands-on discussion of design as a profoundly human activity and challenges us all to use design to transform the world for the better. The book explains how and why the design industry lost its way, and how to re-ignite the idealism that once made it a force for good. Make the World a Better Place describes a set of moral principles, based on our shared humanity, that can be used to create “good” designs: designs that reduce harm, increase well-being, advance knowledge, promote equality, address injustice, and build supportive, compassionate relationships and communities.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Author Bio xix

Preface xxi

Who Should Read This Book xxi

Professional designers and design students xxi

Other professionals xxi

Corporate, investment, and foundation officers xxii

Consumers of designs xxii

Everyone else who wants to make the world a better place

How to Read This Book xxii

Why I Wrote It xxiii

Who Helped Me Write It xxv

Part I A World by Design 1

1 Moral Imperative 3

To Design Is Human 4

Moral Responsibility of Designers 5

The Designed World 6

The best of times 7

The worst of times 9

How Has Design Failed Us? 10

Designs and users fail 11

The design process fails us 11

Designers fail us 12

Systems fail us 12

Moral Decisions and Their Consequences 13

Case Study: Boeing 737 MAX 8 14

Your Designs Might Save Us 16

References 17

2 What Is Design? 25

Everyday Design 25

Everyday Designers 26
xxii

xii Table of Contents

Design as a Process 27

Purpose 28

Process 29

Outcomes 29

Impact 30

Good Designs versus Good Impacts 31

Everyday Designs and Making the World Better 32

Case Study: Chef Andrés and the World Central Kitchen 33

Designs Big, Small, and Not at All 36

References 38

3 Moral Foundations for Designing a Better World 41

The Philosophers and “The Good” 42

The Good 42

Moral Foundations for Good Design 43

Happiness not harm 43

Knowledge, reasoning, and agency 47

Equality and Justice 49

The social nature of humans 51

Self and Others 53

Self- interest 53

Rational egoism 54

The Philosophes and concern for others 55

References 57

4 Design within a System 59

Systems: Simple, Complex, and Complex Adaptive 60

Simple and complex systems 60

Complex adaptive systems 61

The Dynamics of Complex Adaptive Human Systems 62

Self-interest, reciprocity, and trust 62

Social system as a normative culture of trust and caring 65

Design to Make the System Work 65

Designs at the micro level 66

Designs at the macro level 67

Designs at the community level 68

Elinor Ostrom and Design for the Common Good 69

Case Study: Baton Rouge and “Imagine Plank Road” 69

The Appropriate Level of Complexity 73

References 74

5 Technology, Activity, and Culture 77

How to Think about Technology 78

Technology at the Micro Level: Affordances and Activity 78

Person-resource-activity model 79

Affordances and activity in the outer environment 79

Affordances and changing the inner environment 81

Embedded technology 82
Table of Contents xiii

Technology at the Macro Level: Culture and Impact 82

Moral Impacts of Technology and Our Designs 84

Artificial intelligence and human well-being 85

Social media, harm, and community 86

Web 3.0 and the future of community 90

CRISPR and the future of humanity 92

The moral challenge of technology 93

References 93

Part II Our Design Traditions 99

6 The Scientific Tradition 101

Design Traditions 101

Roots of the Scientific Revolution 102

Early Western science 102

The Scientific Revolution 104

Characteristics of the Scientific Tradition 104

Purpose 105

Process 106

Outcomes 107

Impact 108

Case Study: Mendelian Genetics 108

Systemic Implications of the Scientific Tradition 112

Moral Implications of the Scientific Tradition 112

References 114

7 The Technical- Analytic Tradition 117

Roots in the Industrial Revolution 117

Emergence of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 118

Maximizing efficiency 118

The consumer economy 119

Scientific research and transformative innovations 119

Characteristics of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 120

Purpose 120

Process 121

Outcomes 122

Impact 122

Case Study: Ford versus Ferrari 123

Systemic Implications of the Technical-Analytic Tradition 127

Moral Implications of the Technological-Analytic Tradition 128

References 129

8 The Human-Centered Tradition 133

Roots in the Technical-Analytic Tradition 133

Human-centered design and design thinking 134

xiv Table of Contents

Characteristics of the Human-Centered Approach 134

Purpose 134

Process 134

Outcomes 135

Impact 136

Case Study: Alight, Kuja Kuja, and IDEO.Org 136

Systemic Implications of the Human-Centered Approach 140

Moral Implications of the Human-Centered Approach 142

References 143

9 The Aesthetic Tradition 145

Roots in Ancient Human Expression 145

Art, design, and industry 146

Characteristics of the Aesthetic Approach 146

Purpose 147

Process 147

Outcomes 149

Impact 149

Case Study: Starry Night 149

Systemic Implications of the Aesthetic Tradition 154

Moral Implications of the Aesthetic Tradition 155

References 157

10 The Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 159

Roots in Systemic Harm 159

The Labor Movement 159

The Civil Rights Movement 160

The Women’s Movement 161

The Environmental Movement 161

The Gay Rights Movement 162

Characteristics of the Social Movement Tradition 163

Purpose 163

Process 163

Outcomes 166

Impact 166

Case Study: Black Lives Matter (BLM) 167

Systemic Implications of the Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 172

Moral Implications of the Community Organization and Social Movement Tradition 172

Summary of Design Traditions 173

References 174

Part III Design with Passion, Purpose, and Values 177

11 Design with Passion and Purpose 179

Passion 179

Happiness 180

Empathy and compassion 180
Table of Contents xv

Anger and moral outrage 180

From moral motivations to moral plans 181

Purpose 183

Purpose and design 184

Moral Reasoning and Moral Dialog 185

Moral reasoning 186

The social nature of morality 187

From moral dialog to collective action 188

Design as a Moral Dialog among Co-Creators 189

Be grounded in your own moral foundation 189

Scaffold moral discussions 190

Use these discussions to co-create designs 190

Case Study: Burning Man and Radical Inclusion 191

New Roles for Designers 196

Facilitator 196

Mentor 197

Mediator 197

Broker 197

Creating a Collaborative Culture of Moral Design 198

References 198

12 Reduce Harm and Increase Happiness 203

Values 203

Cause No Harm 203

Reduce Harm 205

Case Study: WestGate Water 206

Increase Happiness 209

Happiness as pleasure 209

Happiness as well-being 210

Happy cultures 212

Designing for Happiness 213

Case Study: Happy Cities 215

References 219

13 Advance Knowledge, Reasoning, and Agency 223

Knowledge at the Micro Level 224

Knowledge in the head 224

Knowledge in the environment 224

Knowledge and how to acquire it 225

Reasoning: What We Do with Knowledge 226

Explain 226

Make decisions and solve problems 227

Create, innovate, and design 227

The limits of knowledge and reasoning 228

Agency: How Knowledge Empowers Us 229

Metacognition 229

Self-regulated learning 230

Designing for Knowledge and Agency at the Micro Level 231

xvi Table of Contents

Knowledge and Institutions at the Macro Level 232

Schools and education 233

Learning in Communities 235

Knowledge Building Communities (KBCs) 235

Communities of practice (CoP) 235

Case Study: High Tech High 236

References 240

14 Promote Equality and Address Injustice 243

Equality 243

Equality by design 244

Inequality by Design 244

Native Americans 244

Enslaved Africans 246

Merit and Its Tyranny 248

Merit and morality 249

The compounding effect of inequality 250

Justice 251

What is just? 251

Equality and justice for all 253

A just society 254

Designs that Promote Equality and Address Injustice 256

Case Study: The City of Austin and Reimagining Public Safety 257

Moral Discourse to Promote Equality and Address Injustice 261

References 261

15 Build Supportive Relationships and Communities 267

Moral and Survival Foundations of Relationships 267

Relationships and Well-Being: The Micro Level 268

Emotions and relationships 268

Family 269

Married couples 270

Friends 270

Development of relationships over time 271

Relationships at the Community Level 271

Our towns, our community 272

Communities and collective action 273

Relationships at the Macro Level 274

Relationships in cities 274

Trust and social capital 275

Social capital in nations 276

Loss of Relationships and Trust 276

Loss of friends 276

Loss of interpersonal trust 277

Loss of institutional trust 277

Loss of trust and social media 278

Case Study: Braver Angels 279
Table of Contents xvii

Designing for Relationships and Community 282

Designs to support relationships 282

Designs to repair relationships 283

Designs to support collective action and build communities 283

References 284

Part IV Redesigning the System 289

16 The Economy, Government, and Design 291

Tragedy of the Commons 291

The Economy and Self-Interest 292

The neoliberal turn 292

Neoliberalism gets played out 294

The social impact of pure self-interest 295

Business and the loss of trust 296

The Economy and Government Control 296

Keynesian economics and government policy 296

Government control gets played out 297

The social impact of a government-controlled economy 298

Government and Collective Action 299

Public good as the purpose of government 299

Government as an institution for collective action 300

Structural limits of collective action through government 300

Political parties and collective action 301

America compromised: Corruption of the design 301

Self-interest and identity politics 302

Government and the loss of trust 303

Designs to Resolve the Tragedy 303

Business and the common good 304

Government and the common good 304

Community and the common good 306

Everyday designs and the invisible hands of a moral society 306

References 308

17 Where Do We Go from Here? 313

Which of Two Roads? 313

The road less traveled 313

The road more likely? 318

Finding a Home or Building One 322

Design as a career 322

Design where you work 323

Volunteer your time 325

Create your own design space 326

Creating a Culture of Everyday Design for a Better World 327

References 329

Index 341

“This book is a must read for all with an interest in the future of design.”
—Jim Spohrer, PhD, Retired Industry executive, International Society of Service Innovation Professionals

“The world is in need of better design, and Kozma’s book shows us how to get there.”
—Mark Guzdial, Director, Program in Computing for the Arts and Sciences, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Michigan

Design services, products, experiences, and places that transform the world for the better

Make the World a Better Place: Design with Passion, Purpose, and Values presents an insightful and hands-on discussion of design as a profoundly human activity and challenges us all to use design to transform the world for the better. The book explains how and why the design industry lost its way, and how to re-ignite the idealism that once made it a force for good.

Make the World a Better Place describes a set of moral principles, based on our shared humanity, that can be used to create “good” designs: designs that reduce harm, increase well-being, advance knowledge, promote equality, address injustice, and build supportive, compassionate relationships and communities.

About the Author
Robert Kozma, PhD, is Emeritus Principal Scientist at SRI International. During his fifty-year career, he has served as a grade school math teacher, a research scientist and professor, and a design and innovation consultant. He has counseled high tech companies, multinational organizations, and ministries of education to use technologies and methodologies to improve learning, teaching, and education.

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