Practical partial discharge measurement on electrical equipment / Greg C. Stone, Andrea Cavallini, Glenn Behrmann, Claudio Angelo Serafino.

By: Stone, Greg C [author.]
Contributor(s): Cavallini, Andrea, 1963- [author.] | Behrmann, Glenn [author.] | Serafino, Claudio [author.]
Language: English Series: IEEE Press series on power and energy systems: Publisher: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2023Description: 1 online resource (xxii, 546 pages) : illustrations (chiefly color)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781119833314 ; 9781119833338 ; 1119833337; 9781119833321; 1119833329; 9781119833345; 1119833345Subject(s): Electric discharges -- Measurement | Electric power systemsGenre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 537.5/2 LOC classification: QC701 | .S76 2023Online resources: Full text available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view.
Contents:
0. Preface -- Dedication -- Author Biographies -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why measure PD? -- 1.2 Partial discharge and Corona -- 1.3 Categories of PD Tests -- 1.4 PD Test Standards -- 1.5 History of PD Testing -- 1.6 The Future -- 1.7 Roadmap for the book -- 1.8 References -- 2. Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown -- 2.1 Electric Fields in High Voltage Equipment -- 2.2 Electrical Breakdown -- 2.3 Breakdown in Gases -- 2.4 Breakdown in Solids -- 2.5 Breakdown in Liquids -- 2.6 Dielectric Strength -- 2.7 References -- 3. Physics of PD -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of partial discharge -- 3.3 PD current pulse characteristics -- 3.4 Effects of PD -- 3.5 Corona due to non-uniform electric fields around conductors -- 3.6 Partial discharge in voids -- 3.7 PD on insulation surfaces -- 3.8 Effect of ambient conditions and conditioning -- 3.9 Summary of measured PD quantities -- 3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with respect to the AC cycle -- 3.11 References -- 4. Other Discharge phenomena -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 PD as a Disturbance -- 4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing -- 4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections -- 4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown -- 4.6 Dry Band Arcing -- 4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge -- 4.8 References -- 5. PD Measurement Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Charge-based and electromagnetic measurement methods -- 5.3 Optical PD Detection -- 5.4 Acoustic PD Detection -- 5.5 Chemical Detection -- 5.6 References -- 6. Charge-Based PD Detection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic detection circuits using coupling capacitors -- 6.3 Sensors -- 6.4 Electrical Detection Models -- 6.5 Quasi integration for Charge-Based Measuring Systems -- 6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge -- 6.7 References -- 7. Electromagnetic PD Detection -- 7.1 Why measure electromagnetic signals from PD -- 7.2 Electromagnetic Terminology -- 7.3 Basic electrical detection circuits -- 7.4 Types of RF sensor/ -- 7.5 Measuring Instruments -- 7.6 Performance and sensitivity checks -- 7.7 PD source location -- 7.8 references -- 8. PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Frequency Range Selection -- 8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations -- 8.4 Hardware-Based Disturbance Suppression and PD Source Identification -- 8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware -- 8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors -- 8.7 PD System Output Charts -- 8.8 PD Activity Indicators -- 8.9 Post Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis -- 8.10 References -- 9. Suppression of External Electrical Interference -- 9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference -- 9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Interference -- 9.3 Interference Suppression for Off-line PD Testing -- 9.4 On-Line Interference Suppression -- 9.5 References -- 10 General Principles of PD Interpretation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement -- 10.3 PD Magnitude and PRPD Test Procedure -- 10.4 Interpretation of PD magnitude -- 10.5 PRPD Pattern Interpretation -- 10.6 PD Root Cause Identification Using Changes in Ambient and Operating Conditions -- 10.7 References -- 11 PD testing of lumped capacitive test objects -- 11.1 Lumped capacitive objects -- 11.2 Test Procedures -- 11.3 Measures to suppress electrical interference -- 11.4 Sensitivity check -- 11.5 References -- 12 PD Measurement in Power cables -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Cable system structure -- 12.3 Cable system failure mechanisms -- 12.4 Cable PD test standards -- 12.5 PD test sensors -- 12.6 PD pulse propagation and detector bandwidth -- 12.7 Factory quality assurance (QA) testing of power cable -- 12.8 Energizing cables in off-line/on-site tests -- 12.9 off-line/on-site testing -- 12.10 Pros and cons of off-line versus on-lin PD measurements for condition assessment -- 12.11 On-line monitoring -- 12.12 Interference suppression -- 12.13 PRPD patterns -- 12.14 PD source localization -- 12.15 References -- 13 PD Measurement in GIS and GITL -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance -- 13.3 The GIS Insulation System -- 13.4 Typical PD Sources in GIS and Their Failure Modes -- 13.5 Detection of PD in GIS -- 13.6 Charge-based PD measurement in GIS -- 13.7 Application of acoustic techniques for PD measurement on GIS -- 13.8 Radio-frequency PD measurement on GIS: the UHF method -- 13.9 GIS routine factory test -- 13.10 PD measurement during on-site acceptance tests -- 13.11 On-Line continuous PD monitoring (PDM) of GIS -- 13.12. GIS PD signal examples and PRPD patterns -- 13.13 HVDC GIS: Special considerations -- 13.14 References -- 14 Air Insulated switchgear and isolated phase bus -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 AIS Insulation Systems -- 14.3 Insulation Failure Processes -- 14.4 PD Sensors -- 14.5 Commissioning and Off-Line/On-Site Testing -- 14.6 On-line PD Monitoring -- 14.7 PD Interpretation for AIS -- 14.8 PD Measurement in Isolated Phase Bus -- 14.9 References -- 15 Power transformers -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Transformer Insulation System -- 15.3 Typical causes of PD in dry-type (cast resin) transformers -- 15.4 Typical causes of PD in liquid-filled transformers -- 15.5 Relevant Standards -- 15.6 PD pulses propagation and PD detection -- 15.7 Sensors for PD detection -- 15.8 AC Supply for off-line testing -- 5.9 Precautions for background noise and Interference -- 15.10 Factory acceptance testing -- 15.11 On-site Off-line Testing -- 15.12 On-line PD monitoring -- 15.13 PRPD Patterns -- 15.14 References -- 16. Rotating Machine stator windings -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Relevant Standards -- 16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems -- 16.4 Stator Winding Insulation Failure Processes -- 16.5 PD pulse propagation in windings -- 16.6 PD sensors -- 16.7 Factory Acceptance Tests -- 16.8 On-Site/Offline tests -- 16.9 On-line testing and monitoring -- 16.10 Differences between on-line and off-line tests -- 16.11 Interpretation -- 16.12 Root cause identification -- 16.13 Locating PD Sites -- 16.14 References -- 17 PD Detection in DC Equipment -- 17.1 Why is HVDC so popular now -- 17.2 Insulation system design with DC -- 17.3 The reasons for testing using DC -- 17.4 Off-line PD testing with DC excitation -- 17.5 Interpretation of PD measurements under DC excitation -- 17.6 Perspectives -- 17.7 References -- 18 PD Detection under voltage impulses -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Insulation failure due to short risetime impulse voltages -- 18.3 Electrical PD detection -- 18.4 Non-electrical sensors -- 18.6 Sensitivity and interference check -- 18.7 Test procedures -- 18.8 Interpretation -- 18.9 References.
Summary: "The first half of the book will be educational material that covers what PD is, and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The last half of the book is more like a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of HV equipment. These chapters will contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods and relevant standards."-- Provided by publisher.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

0. Preface -- Dedication -- Author Biographies -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why measure PD? -- 1.2 Partial discharge and Corona -- 1.3 Categories of PD Tests -- 1.4 PD Test Standards -- 1.5 History of PD Testing -- 1.6 The Future -- 1.7 Roadmap for the book -- 1.8 References -- 2. Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown -- 2.1 Electric Fields in High Voltage Equipment -- 2.2 Electrical Breakdown -- 2.3 Breakdown in Gases -- 2.4 Breakdown in Solids -- 2.5 Breakdown in Liquids -- 2.6 Dielectric Strength -- 2.7 References -- 3. Physics of PD -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of partial discharge -- 3.3 PD current pulse characteristics -- 3.4 Effects of PD -- 3.5 Corona due to non-uniform electric fields around conductors -- 3.6 Partial discharge in voids -- 3.7 PD on insulation surfaces -- 3.8 Effect of ambient conditions and conditioning -- 3.9 Summary of measured PD quantities -- 3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with respect to the AC cycle -- 3.11 References -- 4. Other Discharge phenomena -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 PD as a Disturbance -- 4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing -- 4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections -- 4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown -- 4.6 Dry Band Arcing -- 4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge -- 4.8 References -- 5. PD Measurement Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Charge-based and electromagnetic measurement methods -- 5.3 Optical PD Detection -- 5.4 Acoustic PD Detection -- 5.5 Chemical Detection -- 5.6 References -- 6. Charge-Based PD Detection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic detection circuits using coupling capacitors -- 6.3 Sensors -- 6.4 Electrical Detection Models -- 6.5 Quasi integration for Charge-Based Measuring Systems -- 6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge -- 6.7 References -- 7. Electromagnetic PD Detection -- 7.1 Why measure electromagnetic signals from PD -- 7.2 Electromagnetic Terminology -- 7.3 Basic electrical detection circuits -- 7.4 Types of RF sensor/ -- 7.5 Measuring Instruments -- 7.6 Performance and sensitivity checks -- 7.7 PD source location -- 7.8 references -- 8. PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Frequency Range Selection -- 8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations -- 8.4 Hardware-Based Disturbance Suppression and PD Source Identification -- 8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware -- 8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors -- 8.7 PD System Output Charts -- 8.8 PD Activity Indicators -- 8.9 Post Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis -- 8.10 References -- 9. Suppression of External Electrical Interference -- 9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference -- 9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Interference -- 9.3 Interference Suppression for Off-line PD Testing -- 9.4 On-Line Interference Suppression -- 9.5 References -- 10 General Principles of PD Interpretation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement -- 10.3 PD Magnitude and PRPD Test Procedure -- 10.4 Interpretation of PD magnitude -- 10.5 PRPD Pattern Interpretation -- 10.6 PD Root Cause Identification Using Changes in Ambient and Operating Conditions -- 10.7 References -- 11 PD testing of lumped capacitive test objects -- 11.1 Lumped capacitive objects -- 11.2 Test Procedures -- 11.3 Measures to suppress electrical interference -- 11.4 Sensitivity check -- 11.5 References -- 12 PD Measurement in Power cables -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Cable system structure -- 12.3 Cable system failure mechanisms -- 12.4 Cable PD test standards -- 12.5 PD test sensors -- 12.6 PD pulse propagation and detector bandwidth -- 12.7 Factory quality assurance (QA) testing of power cable -- 12.8 Energizing cables in off-line/on-site tests -- 12.9 off-line/on-site testing -- 12.10 Pros and cons of off-line versus on-lin PD measurements for condition assessment -- 12.11 On-line monitoring -- 12.12 Interference suppression -- 12.13 PRPD patterns -- 12.14 PD source localization -- 12.15 References -- 13 PD Measurement in GIS and GITL -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance -- 13.3 The GIS Insulation System -- 13.4 Typical PD Sources in GIS and Their Failure Modes -- 13.5 Detection of PD in GIS -- 13.6 Charge-based PD measurement in GIS -- 13.7 Application of acoustic techniques for PD measurement on GIS -- 13.8 Radio-frequency PD measurement on GIS: the UHF method -- 13.9 GIS routine factory test -- 13.10 PD measurement during on-site acceptance tests -- 13.11 On-Line continuous PD monitoring (PDM) of GIS -- 13.12. GIS PD signal examples and PRPD patterns -- 13.13 HVDC GIS: Special considerations -- 13.14 References -- 14 Air Insulated switchgear and isolated phase bus -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 AIS Insulation Systems -- 14.3 Insulation Failure Processes -- 14.4 PD Sensors -- 14.5 Commissioning and Off-Line/On-Site Testing -- 14.6 On-line PD Monitoring -- 14.7 PD Interpretation for AIS -- 14.8 PD Measurement in Isolated Phase Bus -- 14.9 References -- 15 Power transformers -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Transformer Insulation System -- 15.3 Typical causes of PD in dry-type (cast resin) transformers -- 15.4 Typical causes of PD in liquid-filled transformers -- 15.5 Relevant Standards -- 15.6 PD pulses propagation and PD detection -- 15.7 Sensors for PD detection -- 15.8 AC Supply for off-line testing -- 5.9 Precautions for background noise and Interference -- 15.10 Factory acceptance testing -- 15.11 On-site Off-line Testing -- 15.12 On-line PD monitoring -- 15.13 PRPD Patterns -- 15.14 References -- 16. Rotating Machine stator windings -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Relevant Standards -- 16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems -- 16.4 Stator Winding Insulation Failure Processes -- 16.5 PD pulse propagation in windings -- 16.6 PD sensors -- 16.7 Factory Acceptance Tests -- 16.8 On-Site/Offline tests -- 16.9 On-line testing and monitoring -- 16.10 Differences between on-line and off-line tests -- 16.11 Interpretation -- 16.12 Root cause identification -- 16.13 Locating PD Sites -- 16.14 References -- 17 PD Detection in DC Equipment -- 17.1 Why is HVDC so popular now -- 17.2 Insulation system design with DC -- 17.3 The reasons for testing using DC -- 17.4 Off-line PD testing with DC excitation -- 17.5 Interpretation of PD measurements under DC excitation -- 17.6 Perspectives -- 17.7 References -- 18 PD Detection under voltage impulses -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Insulation failure due to short risetime impulse voltages -- 18.3 Electrical PD detection -- 18.4 Non-electrical sensors -- 18.6 Sensitivity and interference check -- 18.7 Test procedures -- 18.8 Interpretation -- 18.9 References.

"The first half of the book will be educational material that covers what PD is, and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The last half of the book is more like a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of HV equipment. These chapters will contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods and relevant standards."-- Provided by publisher.

About the Author
Greg C. Stone has a PhD in electrical engineering with over 45-years’ experience in performing PD testing on rotating machines and other equipment for a large electric power utility; as well as with PD equipment manufacturer Iris Power L.P., which he co-founded. He has many technical awards for his work from the IEEE, CIGRE, IEC and EPRI, and is an IEEE Fellow.

Andrea Cavallini, PhD, is with the University of Bologna, Italy where he has researched PD theory and PD test methods for 24 years, particularly for power cables, stator windings and other HV equipment. He was also a co-founder of TechImp S.r.L, a manufacturer of PD test equipment. He has over 200 papers in the PD field, including the development of the TF map method for noise and PD source identification. He is an IEEE Fellow.

Glenn Behrmann worked for over 20 years on PD measurements for GIS and rotating machines at ABB in Switzerland and its successor companies. He has been active in creating CIGRE Technical Brochures in this area, written many papers in the field, as well as helping to lead the efforts to draft IEC 62478, and revise IEC 60270 and IEEE 454. He has a BSEE from Union College in the USA.

Claudio Angelo Serafino is head of the Test and Measurement Department for Terna S.p.A, the Italian transmission grid utility. He is an expert with 40-years' experience on power transformer condition assessment using PD and other technologies.

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