TY - BOOK AU - Hoefnagels,Marielle TI - Biology : : concepts and investigations / SN - 9780072916904 U1 - 574 PY - 2009/// CY - Boston PB - McGraw-Hill Higher Education, KW - Plant physiology KW - Plant KW - Growth KW - Botany KW - Plant ecology N1 - Includes index; Brief Contents Unit 1: The Cellular Basis of Life 1. What is Life? 2. The Chemistry of Life 3. The Dynamic Cell 4. The Energy of Life 5. Photosynthesis 6. How Cells Release Energy Unit 2: The Molecular Basis of Life 7. DNA Structure and Replication 8. The Cell Cycle 9. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 10. Patterns of Inheritance 11. Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Patterns 12. Gene Function, Gene Regulation, and Biotechnology Unit 3: The Evolution of Life 13. The Forces of Evolutionary Change 14. Speciation and Extinction 15. Evidence for Evolution 16. The Origin and History of Life Unit 4: The Diversity of Life 17. Viruses and Simple Infectious Agents 18. Bacteria and Archaea 19. Protista 20. Plants 21. Fungi 22. Animals I ? Invertebrates 23. Animals II ? Vertebrates Unit 5: Plant Life 24. Plant Form and Function 25. Plant Nutrition and Transport 26. Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants Unit 6: Animal Life 27. Animal Tissues, Organ Systems and Homeostasis 28. The Nervous System 29. The Sensory System 30. The Endocrine System 31. The Musculoskeletal System 32. The Circulatory System 33. The Respiratory System 34. Digestion and Animal Nutrition 35. Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids 36. The Immune System 37. Animal Reproduction and Development Unit 7: The Ecology of Life 38. Animal Behavior 39. Populations 40. Communities and Ecosystems 41. The Biosphere 42. Conserving Biodiversity Table of Contents About the Author Preface Unit 1: The Cellular Basis of Life Chapter 1 The Scientific Study of Life Chapter Opening Essay: Biology Is Everywhere 1.1 What Is Life? A. Life is Organized B. Life Requires Energy C. Life Maintains Internal Constancy D. Life Reproduces Itself, Grows, and Develops E. Life Evolves 1.2 A Taxonomic Hierarchy Describes Life?s Diversity 1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World A. How We Know B. A Closer Look at Experimental Design C. Theories Explain Nature D. Limitations of Scientific Inquiry 1.4 Case Study: Of Estrogen and Alligator Eggs 1.5 Investigating Life: Digital Organisms Mimic Life Can You Relate?: Will This Hurt Me or Won't It? Burning Question: Why am I here? Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Chapter Opening Essay: Just Say NO 2.1 Life Consists of Atoms A. Elements Are Fundamental Types of Matter B. Atoms Are Particles of Elements C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers of Neutrons 2.2 Chemical Bonds Are the ?Glue? That Links Atoms A. Electrons Determine Bonding B. Atoms Share Electrons in Covalent Bonds C. In an Ionic Bond, One Atom Takes Electrons from Another Atom D. Partial Charges on Polar Molecules Create Hydrogen Bonds 2.3 Water Is Essential to Life A. Water Is Cohesive and Adhesive B. Polar Substances Dissolve in Water C. Water Regulates Temperature D. Water Participates in Life?s Chemical Reactions 2.4 Organisms Balance Acids and Bases A. The pH Scale Expresses Acidity or Alkalinity B. Buffer Systems Regulate pH in Organisms 2.5 Organic Molecules Generate Life?s Form and Function A. Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars and Polysaccharides B. Lipids Are Hydrophobic and Energy-Rich C. Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile D. Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Genetic Information 2.6 Investigating Life: Organic Molecules Have ?Hands? Can You Relate?: "Good" and "Bad" Cholesterol Can You Relate?: Sugar Substitutes and Fake Fats Burning Question: What does it mean when food is ?organic? or ?natural?? Chapter 3 Cells Chapter Opening Essay: Cancer Cells: A Tale of Two Drugs 3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life A. Discovering the Cellular Basis of Life B. The Cell Theory Emerges C. Microscopes Reveal Cell Structure D. Features Common to All Cells 3.2 A Membrane Separates Each Cell From Its Surroundings A. Lipids and Proteins Form the Cell Membrane C. Signal Transduction Transmits Messages to a Cell?s Interior 3.3 Three Cell Types Define All Life A. Domain Bacteria B. Domain Archaea C. Domain Eukarya 3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor A. Organelles Interact to Secrete Substances B. Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Peroxisomes Are Cellular Digestion Centers C. Chloroplasts Are Glucose Factories D. Mitochondria Extract Energy from Nutrients 3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells 3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One Another A. Cell Walls Are Strong, Flexible, and Porous B. Animal Cell Junctions Occur in Several Forms 3.7 Investigating Life: Was the Cytoskeleton Born in Bacteria? Can You Relate?: One Cell, Two Cells ? a Trillion Cells ? and More! Can You Relate?: Nicotine Addiction Burning Question: What is the smallest living organism? Chapter 4 The Energy of Life Chapter Opening Essay: Whole-Body Metabolism: Energy on an Organismal Level 4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy A. Introduction to Energy B. The Laws of Thermodynamics Describe Energy Transfer 4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions Sustain Life A. Chemical Reactions Absorb or Release Energy B. Chemical Equilibrium C. Linked Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Form Electron Transport Chains 4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency 4.4 Enzymes Speed Biochemical Reactions A. How Enzymes Work B. Enzymes Have Partners C. Cells Control Reaction Rates in Metabolic Pathways D. Environmental Conditions Affect Enzyme Activity 4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost Energy A. Passive Transport Does Not Require Energy Input B. Active Transport Requires Energy Input C. Exocytosis and Endocytosis Use Vesicles to Transport Substances 4.6 Investigating Life: Natural Selection Maintains Some Fatal Illnesses Can You Relate?: Summer Light Show Burning Question: What causes headaches? Chapter 5 Photosynthesis Chapter Opening Essay: Is It Easier Being Green? 5.1 Life Depends on Photosynthesis A. Photosynthesis Builds Glucose out of Carbon Dioxide and Water B. The Evolution of Photosynthesis Changed Planet Earth 5.2 Sunlight Is the Energy Source for Photosynthesis A. What Is Light? B. Pigment Molecules in Chloroplasts Capture Light Energy C. Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages 5.3 Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis A. Light Reactions Require Photosystems and Electron Transport Chains B. Photosystem II Produces ATP C. Photosystem I Produces NADP 5.4 Carbon Reactions Produce Glucose 5.5 C4 and CAM Pathways Save Carbon and Water 5.6 Investigating Life: Tobacco Stems Harbor Evolutionary Clues Can You Relate?: Weed Killers Burning Question: Why do leaves change colors in the fall? Chapter 6 How Cells Release Energy Chapter Opening Essay: Eating for Life 6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make ATP 6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes Three Main Processes A. Overview of Cellular Respiration B. The Mitochondrion?s Role in Respiration 6.3 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate 6.4 Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More ATP than Glycolysis Alone A. The Krebs Cycle Produces ATP and Electron Carriers B. The Electron Transport Chain Drives ATP Formation C. How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield? D. Proteins and Lipids Enter the Energy-Extracting Pathways 6.5 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation Do Not Require Oxygen A. Anaerobic Respiration Uses an Alternative Electron Acceptor B. Fermenters Acquire ATP Only from Glycolysis 6.6 Photosynthesis and Respiration Are Ancient Pathways 6.7 Investigating Life: Plants? ?Alternative? Lifestyles Yield Hot Sex Can You Relate?: How Poisons Kill Burning Question: What does ephedra do to a person?s metabolism? Unit 2: The Molecular Basis of Life Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Replication Chapter Opening Essay: DNA Analysis Solves a Royal Mystery 7.1 Experiments Identified the Genetic Material 7.2 DNA Is a Double Helix That Encodes ?Recipes? for Proteins 7.3 DNA Replication Maintains Genetic Information 7.4 PCR Replicates DNA in a Test Tube 7.5 DNA Sequencing Reveals the Order of Bases 7.6 DNA Profiling Has Many Applications 7.7 Investigating Life: Genetic Messages from the Dead Tell Tales of Ancient Ecosystems Can You Relate?: Identifying Victims of the September 11, 2001, Attacks Burning Question: What causes skin cancer? Chapter 8 The Cell Cycle Chapter Opening Essay: The Clones Are Here 8.1 Cells Divide, and Cells Die A. Cell Division Requires Chromosome Duplication B. Two Parents, Two Sets of Chromosomes 8.2 DNA Replicates, the Nucleus Divides, and the Cell Splits in Two A. Interphase: A Time of Great Activity B. Mitosis Distributes Chromosomes and Divides the Nucleus C. Cytokinesis Distributes and Divides the Cytoplasm 8.3 Cells Tightly Regulate the Cell Cycle A. Checkpoints Keep the Cell Cycle on Track B. Telomeres Provide a Built-in Limit to Cell Division 8.4 Cancer Arises When Cells Divide out of Control A. Cancer Cells Differ from Normal Cells B. Inheritance and Environment Both Cause Cancer C. Cancer Treatments Remove or Kill Abnormal Cells 8.5 Cell Death Is a Part of Life A. Why Cells Die B. Killer Enzymes Dismantle the Cell 8.6 Investigating Life: Ambushing a Tumor?s Supply Lines in the War on Cancer Can You Relate?: Why researchers study stem cells Burning Question: How do biologists use only DNA to clone mammals? Chapter 9 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Chapter Opening Essay: Fatherless Salamanders, Mice, and Blackberries 9.1 Why Sex? 9.2 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction 9.3 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus Divides Twice 9.4 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability A. Crossing over Shuffles Genes B. Chromosome Pairs Align Randomly During Metaphase I C. Random Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity 9.5 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions 9.6 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis A. Extra Chromosome Sets B. Extra and Missing Chromosomes C. Smaller Scale Chromosome Abnormalities 9.7 Haploid Nuclei Are Packaged into Sperm or Eggs A. Sperm and Egg Formation in Animals B. In Plants, Gametophytes Produce Gametes 9.8 Investigating Life: Snail Clones and the Red Queen Can You Relate?: Multiple Births Burning Question: If mules are sterile, how are they produced? Chapter 10 Patterns of Inheritance Chapter Opening Essay: From Mendel to Medical Genetics 10.1 Mendel?s Experiments Uncovered Basic Laws of Inheritance A. Why Peas? B. Alleles May Be Dominant or Recessive C. The Genotype Dictates the Phenotype 10.2 The Two Alleles of Each Gene End up in Different Gametes 10.3 Two Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited Independently 10.4 Gene Expression Can Appear to Alter Mendelian Ratios A. Lethal Allele Combinations Omit Some Phenotype Classes B. Codominance and Incomplete Dominance Add Phenotype Classes C. One Genotype Can Yield Multiple Phenotypes D. Multiple Genes Can Yield Identical Phenotypes E. Gene Products Can Interact 10.5 Most Traits Are Influenced by Multiple Genes and the Environment 10.6 Investigating Life: Pink Caterpillars and Pesticide Resistance Can You Relate?: The Roots of Addiction Burning Question: What does ?recessive? really mean? Burning Question: What kinds of genes make green eyes? Chapter 11 Chromosomes and Human Inheritance Patterns Chapter Opening Essay: Prenatal Diagnosis Highlights Ethical Dilemmas 11.1 A Cell?s DNA Is Divided into Chromosomes 11.2 Studies of Linked Genes Yield Chromosome Maps A. Genes on the Same Chromosome Are Linked B. Linkage Maps Derive from Crossover Frequencies 11.3 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance 11.4 X and Y Chromosomes Determine Sex in Humans 11.5 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Patterns A. X-Linked Inheritance in Humans B. X Inactivation Equalizes the Sexes 11.6 Investigating Life -- Papaya Sex -- Is It a Boy or a Girl? Or Both? Can You Relate?: Choosing the sex of your baby Burning Question: Is male baldness really from the female side of genetics? Chapter 12 Gene Function, Gene Regulation, and Biotechnology Chapter Opening Essay: The Human Genome Sequence Is Just the Beginning 12.1 DNA Stores Genetic Information 12.2 Transcription Uses a DNA Template to Create RNA A. Steps of Transcription B. mRNA Is Processed in Eukaryotic Cells 12.3 The Genetic Code Connects mRNA to Protein 12.4 Translation Builds the Protein 12.5 Protein Synthesis Is Highly Regulated A. Operons Are Groups of Bacterial Genes that Share One Promoter B. Eukaryotic Organisms Use Transcription Factors to Turn Genes On or Off C. Other Regulatory Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Cells 12.6 Mutations Create New Alleles A. Types of Mutations B. What Causes Mutations? C. Natural Protection Against Mutation D. Why Mutations Are Important 12.7 The Human Genome Sequence Reveals Unexpected Complexity 12.8 Transgenic Organisms Contain DNA from Multiple Species A. Transgenic Organisms Find Many Uses B. Creating Transgenic Organisms 12.9 Biotechnology Has Many Practical Applications A. Gene Therapy Replaces Faulty Genes B. Gene Silencing: Antisense and Knockout Technologies C. DNA Microarrays Monitor Gene Expression 12.10 Investigating Life: An Inherited Disorder Yields Clues to the Origin of Language Can You Relate?: Poisons Burning Question: Is There a Gay Gene? Unit 3: The Evolution of Life Chapter 13 The Forces of Evolutionary Change Chapter Opening Essay: The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance 13.1 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries A. Early Explanations of Life?s Diversity B. Charles Darwin?s Voyage C. The Origin of Species and Response to It 13.2 Natural Selection Molds Evolution A. Differential Reproductive Success B. Natural Selection Acts on Individual Phenotypes C. Natural Selection Does Not Have a Goal D. Survival of the Fittest? E. Modes of Natural Selection F. Balanced Polymorphism Maintains Multiple Alleles for One Gene 13.3 Evolution Is Inevitable 13.4 Evolutionary Changes Occur in Several Ways A. Mutation Fuels Evolution B. Nonrandom Mating Concentrates Alleles Locally C. Gene Flow Moves Alleles Between Populations D. Genetic Drift Occurs By Chance 13.5 Investigating Life: Size Matters in Fishing Frenzy Can You Relate?: Dogs and Cats -- Products of Artificial Selection Can You Relate?: Emerging Infectious Diseases Burning Question: Why doesn?t natural selection produce one super organism? Chapter 14 Speciation and Extinction Chapter Opening Essay: Islands Provide Windows on Speciation and Extinction 14.1 The Definition of ?Species? Has Evolved Over Time 14.2 Reproductive Barriers Separate Species from One Another A. Early Obstacles to Reproduction B. Later Obstacles to Reproduction 14.3 Spatial Arrangements Define Three Main Modes of Speciation A. Allopatric Speciation Reflects a Geographic Barrier B. Parapatric Speciation Occurs in Neighboring Regions C. Sympatric Speciation Occurs in a Shared Habitat D. Difficulties in Examining Speciation and Space 14.4 Evolution May Be Gradual or Occur in ?Leaps and Starts? A. Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium B. Bursts of Speciation: Adaptive Radiation 14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line 14.6 Tree Diagrams Describe the Comings and Goings of Species 14.7 Investigating Life: A New Species is Born, but Who?s the Daddy? Can You Relate?: Recent Species Extinctions Burning Question: Why does evolution occur rapidly in some species but slowly for others? Chapter 15 Evidence of Evolution Chapter Opening Essay: Are Birds Dinosaurs? 15.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the Earth, Body Structures, and Molecules 15.2 Fossils Record Evolution A. How Fossils Form B. Estimating the Age of a Fossil 15.3 Large-Scale Changes in Earth?s Surface Have Influenced Evolution A. Plate Tectonics: Shifting Continents B. Biogeography Considers Species? Geographical Locations 15.4 Homologous Structures Reflect Common Ancestry A. Comparing Anatomical Parts Can Reveal Evolutionary Relationships B. Embryo Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary Clues 15.5 Molecules Reveal Relatedness A. Comparing Chromosomes B. Comparing DNA Sequences C. Comparing Protein Sequences D. ?Evo-devo? Bridges Evolution and Developmental Biology E. Molecular Clocks Help Assign Dates to Evolutionary Events 15.6 Systematics Reconstructs the Stories of Life 15.7 Investigating Life: The Shrinking, Growing Beaks of Darwin?s Finches Reveal Ongoing Evolution Can You Relate?: Reevaluating the Mammalian Family Tree Burning Question: Is evolution really testable? Chapter 16 The Origin and History of Life Chapter Opening Essay: Life from Space 16.1 Life?s Origin Remains Mysterious A. The First Organic Molecules B. An ?RNA World? C. Membranes Enclosed the Molecules D. The Origin of Metabolism E. Early Life Changed Earth Forever 16.2 Complex Cells and Multicellularity Arose over a Billion Years Ago A. Endosymbiosis: Cells Within Cells B. The Origin of Multicellularity 16.3 Life?s Diversity Exploded in the Past Five Hundred Million Years A. The Strange Ediacarans of the Precambrian B. Paleozoic Plants and Animals Emerged onto Land C. Reptiles and Flowering Plants Thrived During the Mesozoic Era D. Mammals Radiated During the Cenozoic Era 16.4 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story A. Humans Are Primates B. Molecular Evidence Documents Primate Relationships C. Hominine Evolution is Partially Recorded in Fossils D. Environmental Changes Have Spurred Hominine Evolution 16.5 Investigating Life: What Makes Us Human? Can You Relate?: Spontaneous Generation Debunked Burning Question: Does new life spring from inorganic molecules now, as it did in the past? Unit 4: The Diversity of Life Chapter 17 Viruses Chapter Opening Essay: From the Birds: Influenza 17.1 Viruses are Infectious Particles of Genetic Information and Protein A. Virus Size and Structure B. Host Range C. Are Viruses Alive? 17.2 Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages 17.3 Cell Death May Be Immediate or Delayed A. Lytic Infections Kill Cells Immediately B. Viral DNA ?Hides? in a Lysogenic Infection C. Some Animal Viruses Linger for Years 17.4 Symptoms of a Viral Infection May Be Mild or Severe 17.5 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular Infectious Agents A. A Viroid Is an Infectious RNA Molecule B. A Prion Is an Infectious Protein That Takes Multiple Forms 17.6 Viruses Are Useful Research Tools 17.7 Investigating Life: Scientific Detectives Follow HIV?s Trail Can You Relate?: Anti-HIV Drugs Can You Relate?: Hepatitis Burning Question: Where?s the cure for the common cold? Focus on Model (non)-Organisms: Bacteriophage Lambda Chapter 18 Bacteria and Archaea Chapter Opening Essay: Bacterial Biofilms: ?Mob Mentality? on a Microscopic Scale 18.1 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story 18.2 Prokaryotic Cells Are Structurally Simple A. Internal Structures B. External Structures 18.3 Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous Diversity A. Molecular Data Reveal Major Groups of Archaea and Bacteria B. Traditional Methods of Classifying Prokaryotes 18.4 Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes Has Multiple Sources A. Prokaryotes Reproduce Asexually by Binary Fission B. Three Routes to Horizontal Gene Transfer 18.5 Prokaryotes Are Essential to Human Life A. Some Bacteria Cause Disease B. Humans Put Many Prokaryotes to Work 18.6 Investigating Life: A Romp Through the Staph aureus Genome Solves Two Mysteries Can You Relate?: Antibiotics and Other Germ Killers Burning Question: Are there areas on Earth where no life exists? Focus on Model Organisms: Escherichia coli Chapter 19 Protista Chapter Opening Essay: Science Lessons from a Single Cell 19.1 Kingdom Protista Lies at the Crossroads Between Simple and Complex Organisms 19.2 Many Protists Are Photosynthetic A. Dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta) B. Euglenoids (Phylum Euglenophyta) C. Golden Algae (Phylum Chrysophyta) D. Diatoms (Phylum Bacillariophyta) E. Red Algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) F. Brown Algae (Phylum Phaeophyta) G. Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) 19.3 Some Heterotrophic Protists Were Once Classified as Fungi A. Slime Molds B. Water Molds (Phylum Oomycota) 19.4 Protozoans Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists A. Protozoa with Pseudopodia or Flagella (Phylum Sarcomastigophora) B. Motile Protozoa with Cilia (Phylum Ciliophora) C. Nonmotile Animal Parasites (Phylum Apicomplexa) 19.5 Protist Classification Is Changing Rapidly 19.6 Investigating Life: Tiny, Glassy Fossils from Lake Mud Reveal the Birth of a Species Can You Relate?: Malaria Burning Question: Why and How do Algae Form? Focus on Model Organisms: Dictyostelium discoideum Chapter 20 Plants Chapter Opening Essay: Peat Moss, Pot Scrubbers, Drugs, and More: The Many Uses of Plants 20.1 Plants Have Changed the World A. Distinguishing Features of Plants B. Adaptations in Land Plants 20.2 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants A. Characteristics and Diversity B. Reproduction 20.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem but not Seeds A. Characteristics and Diversity B. Reproduction 20.4 Gymnosperms Are ?Naked Seed? Plants A. Characteristics and Diversity B. Reproduction 20.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits A. Characteristics and Diversity B. Reproduction 20.6 Investigating Life: Birds Do It, Bees Do It ? for the Flowers Can You Relate?: Corn, Corn, Everywhere Burning Question: Why are plants green? Focus on Model Organisms: Arabidopsis thaliana Chapter 21 Fungi Chapter Opening Essay: The Mushroom Mystique 21.1 Fungi Are Filamentous Spore-Formers A. Distinguishing Features of Fungi B. Parts of a Fungus C. Major Groups of Fungi 21.2 Chytridiomycetes Are Flagellated Fungi 21.3 Zygomycetes Are Fast-Growing, Prolific Fungi 21.4 Ascomycetes Are Sac Fungi 21.5 Basidiomycetes Are Club Fungi 21.6 Fungi Interact with Other Organisms A. Mycorrhizal Fungi Live on or in Roots B. Ants, Bacteria, and Fungi C. Lichens Are Distinctive Dual Organisms 21.7 Investigating Life: Fungi Battle for Position in Cacao Tree Leaves Can You Relate?: Fungi That Harm Human Health Burning Question: Why does bread get moldy? Focus on Model Organisms: Neurospora crassa Chapter 22 Invertebrate Animals Chapter Opening Essay: Life on a Lobster?s Lips 22.1 Animals Live Nearly Everywhere A. The Early Evolution of Animal Life B. Distinguishing Features of Animals C. Classifying Animals D. Other Characteristics That Describe Animals 22.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Tissues 22.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic Animals 22.4 Platyhelminthes Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete Digestive Tracts 22.5 Mollusks Have Soft, Unsegmented Bodies and Complex Organ Systems 22.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms 22.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms 22.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed Appendages A. Characteristics of Arthropods B. Arthropod Diversity 22.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part Symmetry 22.10 Investigating Life: The ?Cross-Dressers? of the Reef Can You Relate?: Your Tiny Companions Burning Question: Why do scorpions glow under a black light? Focus on Model Organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster Chapter 23 Vertebrate Animals Chapter Opening Essay: Vietnam?s Diverse Vertebrates 23.1 Chordates Are the Most Familiar Animals A. Four Distinguishing Features of Chordates B. Classifying Chordates 23.2 Tunicates and Lancelets Have Neither Cranium nor Backbone 23.3 Hagfishes Have a Cranium, but No Backbone 23.4 Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Gills and Fins A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics B. Diversity 23.5 Amphibians Lead a Dual Lifestyle on Land and in Water A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics B. Diversity 23.6 Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Conquer Dry Land A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics B. Diversity 23.7 Birds Are Feathered Vertebrates A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics B. Diversity 23.8 Mammals Are Furry Milk-Drinkers A. Evolutionary Trends and Characteristics B. Diversity 23.9 Investigating Life: Limbs Gained, and Limbs Lost Can You Relate?: Wild-Caught Pets Burning Question: What Were Dinosaurs? Focus on Model Organisms: Mus musculus Unit 5: Plant Life Chapter 24 Plant Form and Function Chapter Opening Essay: Tea, Herbs, and Drugs: Plants Are Chemical Factories 24.1 Stems, Leaves, and Roots Are Vegetative Plant Organs A. How Plants Are Put Together B. Stem, Leaf, and Root Specializations 24.2 Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns, Thanks to Meristems 24.3 Plant Cells Build Tissues A. Plant Cell Types B. Plant Tissues 24.4 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots A. Stems B. Leaves C. Roots 24.5 Lateral Meristems Produce Wood and Bark A. Vascular Cambium B. Cork Cambium 24.6 Investigating Life: Ancient Plants Tell Tales Can You Relate?: Versatile Paper Burning Question: What causes tree rings? Chapter 25 Plant Nutrition and Transport Chapter Opening Essay: Carnivorous Plants 25.1 Soil and Air Provide Water and Nutrients A. Essential Elements for Plants B. Soil Properties B. Nutrients Come from Water, Air, and Soil 25.2 Water and Dissolved Minerals Are Pulled up to Leaves A. Water Vapor Is Lost Through Transpiration B. Water Moves Through Xylem C. Water Enters Plants in Roots D. The Cuticle and Stomata Help Conserve Water 25.3 Organic Compounds Are Pushed to Nonphotosynthetic Cells A. Phloem Sap Composition B. The Pressure Flow Theory Explains Phloem Function 25.4 Investigating Life: How Did Plants Get Plumbing? Can You Relate?: Fertilizers Boost Plant Growth Burning Question: Where does maple syrup come from? Chapter 26 Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants Chapter Opening Essay: Imperiled Pollinators 26.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually and Sexually A. Asexual Reproduction Yields Clones B. Sexual Reproduction Generates Variability 26.2 Egg and Sperm Unite in Female Flower Parts A. Flowers Are Reproductive Organs B. Gamete Formation C. Pollination Brings Pollen to the Stigma D. Double Fertilization Yields Zygote and Endosperm 26.3 Seeds Develop Inside Fruits A. Seed Development and Dormancy B. Fruit Formation C. Seed Dispersal 26.4 Development Begins with Seed Germination 26.5 Hormones Influence Plant Growth and Development A. Auxins and Cytokinins B. Gibberellins, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid C. Other Plant Hormones 26.6 Light Influences Germination, Growth, Flowering, and Daily Rhythms A. Photoreceptors Perceive Light B. Light Influences Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth C. Phototropism: Response to Unidirectional Light D. Flowering Is a Response to Photoperiod E. Light Entrains Circadian Clocks 26.7 Plants Also Respond to Gravity and Touch 26.8 Plant Parts Die or Become Dormant 26.9 Investigating Life: Homeotic Genes Control Flower Formation Can You Relate?: Chemical Chitchat Burning Question: What causes the color of flowers? Burning Question: How can a fruit be seedless? Unit 6: Animal Life Chapter 27 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Chapter Opening Essay: Artificial Tissues and Organs 27.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies 27.2 Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types A. Epithelial Tissue Coats Surfaces B. Connective Tissues Include Blood, Bone, and Cartilage C. Nervous Tissue Connects and Integrates the Body D. Muscle Tissue Provides Movement 27.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected A. Communication B. Support and Movement C. Getting Energy D. Protection E. Reproduction 27.4 Organ System Interaction Promotes Homeostasis 27.5 The Integumentary System Regulates Temperature and Conserves Moisture 27.6 Investigating Life: When a Chair Becomes a Ladder Can You Relate? Cancers, Tissues, and the Extracellular Matrix Burning Questions: Which types of organs can be transplanted in humans? Chapter 28 The Nervous System Chapter Opening Essay: The Narcolepsy Gene 28.1 The Nervous System Forms a Rapid Communication Network 28.2 Neurons Are Functional Units of a Nervous System A. Anatomy of a Neuron B. Three Classes of Neurons 28.3 A Neuron at Rest Has a Negative Charge 28.4 Action Potentials Convey Messages A. A Neuron Transmitting an Impulse Undergoes a Wave of Depolarization B. The Myelin Sheath Speeds Impulse Conduction 28.5 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to Cell 28.6 A Neuron Integrates Incoming Messages 28.7 Animal Nervous Systems Range from Simple to Complex 28.8 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Nerve Cells Outside the Central Nervous System 28.9 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain A. The Spinal Cord Transmits Information from the Body to the Brain B. Major Regions of the Human Brain C. Damage to the Central Nervous System Can Be Devastating 28.10 The Brain Controls Sleep and Forms Memories A. Sleep B. Memory 28.11 Investigating Life: Looking into the Mind of Humankind Can You Relate? Drugs and Neurotransmitters Burning Questions: Why does a scorpion?s sting hurt? Chapter 29 The Sensory System Chapter Opening Essay: Different Views on the Same World 29.1 Diverse Senses Operate by the Same Principles 29.2 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature, Pain, and Position 29.3 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect Chemicals A. The Sense of Smell B. The Sense of Taste 29.4 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells A. Photoreception in Invertebrates B. Photoreception in Vertebrates 29.5 The Senses of Hearing and Balance Begin in the Ears A. The Sense of Hearing B. The Sense of Balance 29.6 Investigating Life: Unraveling the Mystery of the Origin of the Eye Can You Relate? Correcting Vision Can You Relate? Deafness Burning Question: Do humans have pheromones Chapter 30 The Endocrine System Chapter Opening Essay: History of an Illness: Diabetes Mellitus 30.1 The Endocrine System Uses Hormones to Communicate A. The Endocrine System Consists of Hormones and Glands B. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Work Together C. Negative Feedback Loops Control Most Hormone Levels D. Diversity of Endocrine Systems 30.2 Hormones Bind to Receptors on or in Target Cells A. Peptide Hormones Trigger Second Messenger Systems B. Steroid Hormones Directly Alter Gene Expression 30.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Oversee Neuroendocrine Control A. The Hypothalamus Controls the Pituitary B. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary C. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary 30.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism A. The Thyroid Gland Sets the Metabolic Pace B. The Parathyroid Glands Control Calcium Level C. The Adrenal Glands Coordinate the Body?s Stress Responses D. The Pancreas Regulates Nutrient Use E. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin 30.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control Reproduction 30.6 Prostaglandins Act on Nearby Tissues 30.7 Investigating Life: Something?s Fishy in Evolution?the Origin of the Parathyroid Gland Can You Relate?: Anabolic Steroids Build Muscle, but with Significant Side Effects Burning Question: How does a caterpillar ?remodel? itself into a butterfly? Chapter 31 The Musculoskeletal System Chapter Opening Essay: Spare Parts Replace Worn out Joints 31.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms 31.2 The Backbone Is Central to the Vertebrate Skeleton 31.3 Bones Provide Support, Protect Internal Organs, and Supply Calcium A. The Structure of Bone and Cartilage B. Bone Growth and Remodeling C. Bones and Calcium Homeostasis D. Joints: Where Bone Meets Bone 31.4 Muscle Cells Contain Protein Filaments That Can Contract A. The Structure of Muscle Tissue B. Sliding Filaments Are the Basis of Muscle Fiber Contraction C. Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Fiber Contraction 31.5 Muscle Contraction Requires Abundant Energy 31.6 Many Muscle Fibers Combine to Form One Muscle A. Neurons Control How Strongly a Muscle Contracts B. Muscles Contain Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers 31.7 Exercise Strengthens Muscles and Bones 31.8 Investigating Life: Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier? Can You Relate? Bones, Crimes, and Evolution Burning Questions: Is creatine a useful dietary supplement? Chapter 32 The Circulatory System Chapter Opening Essay: Using Stem Cells to Replace Hearts and Blood 32.1 Circulatory Systems Deliver Nutrients and Remove Wastes A. Circulatory Systems Are Open or Closed B. Vertebrate Circulatory Systems 32.2 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump A. Structure of the Heart B. Blood Flow in the Heart C. Cardiac Muscle Cells Produce the Heartbeat D. Exercise and the Heart 32.3 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway 32.4 Blood Pressure and Velocity Differ Among Vessel Types 32.5 Blood Is a Complex Mixture A. Red Blood Cells B. White Blood Cells and Platelets 32.6 Blood Clotting Requires Platelets and Plasma Proteins 32.7 The Lymphatic System Maintains Circulation and Protects Against Infection 32.8 Investigating Life: Living Fossils Reveal the Long History of Blue ?Blood? Can You Relate? Treating High Blood Pressure Can You Relate? The Unhealthy Circulatory System Burning Question: What is the difference between donating whole blood and donating plasma? Chapter 33 The Respiratory System Chapter Opening Essay: Premature Babies Have a Tough Time Breathing 33.1 Animals Exchange Gases Across Respiratory Surfaces A. Gas Exchange at the Body Surface B. Terrestrial Arthropods Use Book Lungs or Tracheae C. Gills Exchange Gases in Water D. Terrestrial Vertebrates Exchange Gases in Lungs 33.2 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to Lungs A. The Upper Respiratory Tract B. The Lower Respiratory Tract C. Tobacco Smoke Damages the Respiratory System 33.3 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs 33.4 Blood Delivers Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide A. Blood Carries Gases in Several Forms B. Diffusion Accounts for Gas Exchange at the Lungs and Body Tissues C. Actively Respiring Cells Receive the Most Oxygen 33.5 Blood Gas Levels Help Regulate the Breathing Rate 33.6 Investigating Life: Why Do Bugs Hold Their Breath? Can You Relate?: The Unhealthy Respiratory System Burning Question: Smoke Comes Out Your Eyes ?? Burning Question: How does the body respond to high elevations? Chapter 34 Digestion and Animal Nutrition Chapter Opening Essay: Bacteria Can Cause Gastric Ulcers 34.1 Animals Eat to Obtain Energy and Raw Materials 34.2 Animals Have Diverse Diets and Feeding Strategies 34.3 Digestive Tracts Have One or Two Openings A. Incomplete and Complete Digestive Tracts B. Digestive Tract Specialization in Vertebrates 34.4 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several Organs A. The Mouth and the Esophagus: Digestion Begins B. The Stomach Stores, Digests, and Pushes Food C. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs Nutrients D. The Large Intestine Completes Nutrient and Water Absorption E. The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder Aid Digestion 34.5 Nerves and Hormones Control Appetite and Digestion 34.6 A Healthy Diet Includes Essential Nutrients 34.7 Body Weight Reflects Food Intake and Activity Level A. Starvation: Too Few Calories to Meet the Body?s Needs B. Obesity: More Calories than the Body Needs 34.8 Investigating Life: Brawny Vegetarian Lizards Hit the Salad Bar Can You Relate? Baby Birds, Hairballs, and Owl Pellets Can You Relate? The Unhealthy Digestive System Burning Question: What?s lactose intolerance? Burning Question: What causes gas? Chapter 35 Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids Chapter Opening Essay: A Day in the Life of a Marine Iguana Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids 35.1 Animals Must Regulate Their Internal Temperature A. An Animal?s Body Temperature Reflects Heat Gains and Losses B. Adaptations to Cold and Heat 35.2 Animals Must Regulate Water and Ion Balance and Excrete Wastes A. Osmoregulation Controls Water and Ions in Body Fluids B. Nitrogenous Wastes Include Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid 35.3 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates Urine 35.4 The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney A. The Glomerular Capsule Filters Blood B. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule Recovers Water and Other Valuable Substances C. The Nephron Loop Conserves Water and Exchanges Ions with Blood D. Hormones Control Reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule E. The Collecting Duct Conserves More Water 35.5 Hormones Regulate Kidney Function 35.6 Investigating Life: Sniffing out the Origin of Fur and Feathers Can You Relate?: Kidney Failure, Dialysis, and Transplants Burning Question: What Can Urine Reveal About Health and Diet? Burning Question: How do beer and coffee consumption increase urine production? Chapter 36 The Immune System Chapter Opening Essay: The Demise of a Deadly Disease 36.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs Defend the Body A. White Blood Cells B. Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System 36.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early A. Barriers B. Inflammation C. Chemical Defenses D. Fever 36.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific Pathogens A. Overview of Adaptive Immunity B. T Cells Coordinate Cell-Mediated Immunity C. B Cells Direct the Humoral Immune Response D. The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses E. Turning off the Immune Response 36.4 The Human Immune System Changes Throughout Life 36.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System A. Immune Deficiencies Lead to Opportunistic Infections B. Autoimmunity: Attacking Self 36.6 Allergies Misdirect the Immune Response 36.7 Investigating Life: Our Spiny Cousins and the ?Big Bang? Can You Relate? Monoclonal Antibodies: From Pregnancy Tests to Cancer Detection Can You Relate? Vaccines Jumpstart Immunity Burning Question: What is the ?+? or ?-? on my blood type? Burning Question: How do HIV tests work? Chapter 37 Human Reproduction and Development Chapter Opening Essay: Worms and Flies Teach Lessons About Human Development 37.1 Animal Development Begins with Reproduction 37.2 Males Produce Sperm Cells A. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System B. Spermatogenesis Yields Sperm Cells C. Hormones Influence Male Reproductive Function 37.3 Females Produce Egg Cells A. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System B. Oogenesis Yields Egg Cells C. Hormones Influence Female Reproductive Function 37.4 Fertilization Joins Genetic Packages and Initiates Pregnancy 37.5 Preembryonic Events Include Cleavage, Implantation, and Gastrulation 37.6 Organs Take Shape During the Embryonic Stage A. Four Membranes, the Placenta, and the Umbilical Cord Support the Embryo B. Organ Formation Begins in the Third Week of Development 37.7 Organ Systems Become Functional in the Fetal Period 37.8 Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Labor and Childbirth 37.9 Birth Defects Have Many Causes 37.10 Aging Accompanies Growth and Development 37.11 Investigating Life: Infertility Clues in the Sperm of the Worm Can You Relate? When a Pregnancy Ends Can You Relate? Assisted Reproductive Technologies Burning Question: Do Human Hermaphrodites Exist? Unit 7: The Ecology of Life Chapter 38 Animal Behavior Chapter Opening Essay: Risky Business: Stotting 38.1 The Study of Animal Behavior Has Changed over Time 38.2 Animal Behaviors Combine Innate and Learned Components A. Innate Behaviors Do Not Require Experience B. Learning Requires Experience C. Innate Behaviors and Learning Are Interrelated 38.3 Genetic Mutations Can Alter Some Behaviors A. Foraging Behavior of Fruit Flies B. Sexual Behavior of Fruit Flies C. Some Human Behaviors Have a Strong Genetic Component 38.4 Animals May Live Alone or in Groups A. Bobcats Are Solitary Animals B. Wolves Are Social Animals C. Kin Selection May Explain Many Altruistic Behaviors 38.5 Males and Females Live in Different Reproductive Worlds A. Sex Differences Appear Early B. Reproductive Behaviors Have Different Costs to Males and Females 38.6 Investigating Life: The Faithful Rodent Can You Relate? Puppy Love Burning Question: Why do people engage in rituals that are risky, expensive, painful, and dangerous? Chapter 39 Population Ecology Chapter Opening Essay: A Population out of Control: Snakes Decimate an Island?s Biodiversity 39.1 A Population Consists of Individuals of One Species A. Ecologists Study Interactions Between Organisms and the Environment B. Characteristics of Populations 39.2 Population Size May Increase, Decrease, or Remain Stable A. Births Add Individuals to a Population B. Survivorship Curves Show the Probability of Dying at a Given Age C. A Population?s Age Structure Predicts Its Fate 39.3 Populations Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic A. Growth Is Exponential When Resources Are Unlimited B. Population Growth Eventually Slows 39.4 Many Conditions Limit Population Size A. Density-Dependent Limits B. Density-Independent Limits C. Boom and Bust Cycles 39.5 Natural Selection Influences Reproductive Strategies A. r- and K-Selected Species B. Guppies Illustrate the Importance of Natural Selection 39.6 The Human Population Continues to Grow A. Density and Distribution of the Human Population B. Population Dynamics and the Demographic Transition C. Exponential Growth and Its Limits D. Controlling the Human Population E. The Human Population and the Environment 39.7 Investigating Life: Let Your Love Light Shine Can You Relate?: Keeping Track of Animal Populations Burning Questions: What will happen to the human population? Chapter 40 Communities and Ecosystems Chapter Opening Essay: Otter Deaths Topple a Food Web in the Pacific Northwest 40.1 Communities Are the Living Parts of Ecosystems 40.2 Populations Interact in Many Ways to Form Communities A. Competition Prevents Species from Occupying the Same Niche B. Species Live in and on One Another C. Predators Eat Other Organisms D. A Keystone Species Has a Pivotal Role in the Community 40.3 Communities Change over Time A. Primary Succession: A New Community Arises B. Secondary Succession Replaces a Disturbed Community C. Succession Can Be Complex 40.4 An Ecosystem Is a Community and Its Physical Environment 40.5 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input A. Food Chains, Trophic Levels, and Food Webs B. Every Trophic Level ?Wastes? Energy C. Ecological Pyramids Describe Ecosystem Characteristics D. Some Chemicals Become Concentrated in the Highest Trophic Levels 40.6 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems A. The Water Cycle B. The Carbon Cycle C. The Nitrogen Cycle D. The Phosphorus Cycle 40.7 Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team up to Beat the Heat Can You Relate?: What Happens After You Flush? Burning Question: Could human life be supported in space or on Mars? Chapter 41 The Biosphere Chapter Opening Essay: Life in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents 41.1 The Physical Environment Determines Where Life Exists A. Abiotic Factors Influence All Life B. Earth Has Diverse Climates 41.2 Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the Frozen Tundra A. Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest C. Tropical Savanna D. Desert E. Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral) F. Temperate Grasslands G. Temperate Forests H. Taiga (Boreal Forest) I. Tundra 41.3 Freshwater Biomes Include Lakes, Ponds, and Streams A. Lakes and Ponds: Standing Water B. Streams: Running Water 41.4 Oceans Make up Earth?s Largest Ecosystem A. Land Meets Sea at the Coast B. The Vast Open Ocean 41.5 Investigating Life: Some Like It Hot Can You Relate?: El Niño Years Burning Question: Why is there a ?tree line? above which trees won?t grow? Chapter 42 Preserving Biodiversity Chapter Opening Essay: The Endangered Everglades 42.1 Earth?s Biodiversity Is Dwindling A. What Is Biodiversity? B. The Biodiversity Crisis 42.2 Human Activities Destroy Habitats A. Shrinking Forests B. Expanding Deserts C. Changing Rivers D. Depleted Lakes and Vanishing Estuaries 42.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats A. Air Pollutants Harm Life on Land and in Water B. Water Pollutants Include Nutrients and Toxic Chemicals 42.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats A. Greenhouse Gases Warm Earth?s Surface B. Global Climate Change May Have Severe Consequences 42.5 Invasive Species and Overexploitation Devastate Many Species A. Invasive Species Displace Native Organisms B. Overexploitation Can Drive Species to Extinction 42.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable A. Conservation Biologists Use Several Strategies B. Everyone Can Help with Conservation 42.7 Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit? Can You Relate? Environmental Legislation Burning Question: What does the ozone hole have to do with global climate change? Burning Question: What can an ordinary person do to help the environment? Appendix A: Answers to Multiple Choice Questions Appendix B: Metric Units and Conversions Appendix C: Periodic Table of Elements Appendix D: Amino Acid Structure Glossary Index ER -