Vertebrate life /
F. Harvey Pough, Christine M. Janis, John B. Heiser.
- xiv, 688, [50] pages : illustrations (some col.) 25 cm.
Includes index
Contents Preface Part I Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution 1 The Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates 1.1 The Vertebrate Story 1.2 Classification of Vertebrates 1.3 Phylogenetic Systematics 1.4 The Problem with Fossils: Crown and Stem Groups 1.5 Evolutionary Hypotheses 1.6 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolutionary Summary, Additional Readings 2 Vertebrate Relationships and Basic Structure 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals 2.2 Definition of a Vertebrate 2.3 Basic Vertebrate Structure Summary, Additional Readings 3 Early Vertebrates: Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jawed Vertebrates 3.1 Reconstructing the Biology of the Earliest Vertebrates 3.2 Extant Jawless Fishes 3.3 The Radiation of Paleozoic Jawless Vertebrates? Ostracoderms? 3.4 The Basic Gnathostome Design 3.5 The Transition from Jawless to Jawed Vertebrates 3.6 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes Summary, Additional Readings Part II Non-Amniotic Vertebrates: Fishes and Amphibians 4 Living in Water 4.1 The Aquatic Environment Box 4?1 Water?A Nice Place to Visit, But Would You Want to Live There? 4.2 Water and the Sensory World of Fishes 4.3 The Internal Environment of Vertebrates 4.4 Exchange of Water and Ions 4.5 Responses to Temperature Summary, Additional Readings 5 Radiation of the Chondrichthyes 5.1 Chondrichthyes?The Cartilaginous Fishes 5.2 Evolutionary Specializations of Chondrichthyes 5.3 The Paleozoic Chondrichthyan Radiation 5.4 The Early Mesozoic Elasmobranch Radiation 5.5 The Extant Radiation?Sharks, Skates, and Rays 5.6 Holocephali?The Bizarre Chondrichthyans Summary, Additional Readings 6 Dominating Life in Water: The Major Radiation of Fishes 6.1 The Appearance of Bony Fishes 6.2 Extant Sarcopterygii?Lobe-Finned Fishes 6.3 Evolution of the Actinopterygii Box 6?1 Brainy Fish 6.4 Extant Actinopterygii?Ray-Finned Fishes 6.5 Locomotion in Water 6.6 Actinopterygian Reproduction Box 6?2 What a Fish's Ears Tell About Its Life 6.7 The Adaptable Fish?Teleost Communities in Contrasting Environments 6.8 Conservation of Fishes Box 6?3 A Lot is Fishy in Genetic Research Summary, Additional Readings 7 Geography and Ecology of the Paleozoic Era 7.1 Earth History, Changing Environments, and Vertebrate Evolution 7.2 Continental Geography of the Paleozoic 7.3 Paleozoic Climates 7.4 Paleozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 7.5 Paleozoic Extinctions Additional Readings 8 Living on Land 8.1 Support and Locomotion on Land Box 8?1 Size and Scaling in Terrestrial Vertebrates 8.2 Eating on Land 8.3 Reproduction on Land 8.4 Breathing Air 8.5 Pumping Blood Uphill 8.6 Sensory Systems in Air Box 8?2 Echolocation in Air and Water 8.7 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment 8.8 Controlling Body Temperature in a Changing Environment Summary, Additional Readings 9 Origin and Radiation of Tetrapods 9.1 Tetrapod Origins Box 9?1 Early Feet 9.2 Radiation and Diversity of Non-amniotic Paleozoic Tetrapods 9.3 Amniotes Summary, Additional Readings 10 Salamanders, Anurans, and Caecilians 10.1 Amphibians 10.2 Diversity of Life Histories of Amphibians 10.3 Amphibian Metamorphosis 10.4 Exchange of Water and Gases 10.5 Poison Glands and Other Defense Mechanisms 10.6 Mimicry 10.7 Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? Summary, Additional Readings Part III Sauropsida: Turtles, Lepidosaurs, and Birds 11 Synapsids and Sauropsids: Two Approaches to Terrestrial Life 11.1 Taking Advantage of the Opportunity for Sustained Locomotion 11.2 Increasing Gas Exchange: The Trachea and Lungs Box 11?1 High-Flying Birds 11.3 Transporting Oxygen to the Muscles: Structure of the Heart 11.4 Taking Advantage of Wasted Energy: Endothermy 11.5 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys and Bladder 11.6 Sensing and Making Sense of the World: Eyes, Ears, Tongues, Noses, and Brains Summary, Additional Readings 12 Turtles 12.1 Everyone Recognizes a Turtle 12.2 But What Is a Turtle? Phylogenetic Relationships of Turtles 12.3 Turtle Structure and Functions 12.4 Ecology and Behavior of Turtles 12.5 Conservation of Turtles Box 12?1 Sick Turtles Summary, Additional Readings 13 The Lepidosaurs: Tuatara, Lizards, and Snakes 13.1 The Lepidosaurs 13.2 Radiation of Sphenodontids and the Biology of Tuatara 13.3 Radiation of Squamates 13.4 Ecology and Behavior of Squamates Box 13?1 Caudal Autonomy?Your Tail or Your Life 13.5 Behavioral Control of Body Temperatures by Ectotherms 13.6 Temperature and Ecology of Squamates Summary, Additional Readings 14 Ectothermy: A Low-Cost Approach to Life 14.1 Vertebrates and Their Environments 14.2 Dealing with Dryness?Ectotherms in Deserts Box 14?1 Doubly Labeled Water 14.3 Coping with Cold?Ectotherms in Subzero Conditions 14.4 The Role of Ectothermal Tetrapods in Terrestrial Ecosystems Summary, Additional Readings 15 Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic Era 15.1 Mesozoic Continental Geography 15.2 Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Additional Readings 16 Mesozoic Diapsids: Dinosaurs, Crocodilians, Birds, and Others 16.1 Mesozoic Fauna 16.2 Phylogenetic Relationships Among Diapsids 16.3 Archosauria Box 16?1 Marine Diapsids of the Mesozoic Era 16.4 Dinosaurs 16.5 The Ornithischian Dinosaurs Box 16?2 Dinosaur Eggs and Nests 16.6 The Saurischian Dinosaurs 16.7 The Origin of Birds: Feathers and Flight Box 16?3 Pterosaurs: The First Flying Reptiles Box 16?4 The Evolution of Feathers: Evo-Devo and Fossils 16.8 Archaeopteryx and Other Birds Summary, Additional Readings 17 Avian Specializations 17.1 Early Birds and Extant Birds 17.2 The Structure of Birds 17.3 The Avian Wing 17.4 The Hind Limbs 17.5 Feeding and Digestion 17.6 Sensory Systems Box 17?1 Chaucer the Ornithologist 17.7 Mating Systems, Reproduction, and Parental Care 17.8 Migration and Navigation Summary, Additional Readings Part IV Synapsida: The Mammals 18 The Synapsida and the Evolution of Mammals 18.1 The Origin of Synapsids 18.2 Diversity of Nonmammalian Synapsids 18.3 Evolutionary Trends in Synapsids Box 18?1 Evolution of the Mammalian Middle Ear 18.4 The First Mammals Summary, Additional Readings 19 Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic Era 19.1 Cenozoic Continental Geography 19.2 Cenozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 19.3 Cenozoic Climates 19.4 Cenozoic Extinctions Additional Readings 20 Mammalian Diversity and Characteristics 20.1 Major Lineages of Mammals 20.2 Features Shared by All Mammals Box 20?1 The Evolution of Tribosphenic Molars 20.3 Features That Differ Between Mammal Groups 20.4 Cenozoic Mammal Evolution Summary, Additional Readings 21 Mammalian Specializations 21.1 Mammalian Reproduction 21.2 Some Extreme Placental Mammal Reproductive Specializations 21.3 Are Placental Mammals Reproductively Superior to Marsupials? 21.4 Specializations for Feeding 21.5 Specializations for Locomotion 21.6 Evolution of Aquatic Mammals Box 21?1 Comparison of Different Types of Fully Aquatic Mammals Summary, Additional Readings 22 Endothermy: A High-Energy Approach to Life 22.1 Endothermal Thermoregulation Box 22?1 Energy Budgets of Vampire Bats 22.2 Endotherms in the Arctic 22.3 Migration to Avoid Difficult Conditions 22.4 Torpor as a Response to Low Temperatures and Limited Food 22.5 Endotherms in Hot Deserts Box 22?2 How Hot Is It? Summary, Additional Readings 23 Body Size, Ecology, and Sociality of Mammals 23.1 Social Behavior 23.2 Population Structure and the Distribution of Resources 23.3 Advantages of Sociality 23.4 Body Size, Diet, and the Structure of Social Systems Box 23?1 Altruism or Taunting? 23.5 Horns and Antlers 23.6 Primate Societies Box 23?2 Sociality and Survival Summary, Additional Readings 24 Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans 24.1 Primate Origins and Diversification 24.2 Origin and Evolution of the Hominoidea 24.3 Origin and Evolution of Humans Box 24?1 Controversial New Finds of Genus Homo 24.4 Ecological and Biogeographical Aspects of Early Hominid Evolution 24.5 Evolution of Human Characteristics Box 24?2 The Genus Homo and the Evolution of Running Summary, Additional Readings 25 The Impact of Humans on Other Species of Vertebrates 25.1 Humans and the Pleistocene Extinctions 25.2 Humans and Recent Extinctions Box 25?1 Fish Farming 25.3 Organismal Biology and Conservation Box 25?2 Subtle Elements of Critical Habitats Box 25?3 Adolescent Elephants 25.4 Captive Breeding 25.5 Global Issues in Conservation Biology Box 25?4 Endocrine Disruptors 25.6 ?The Paradoxes of Conservation Summary, Additional Readings Glossary Credits Subject Index Name Index